Genital mutilation: Difference between revisions
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In Art. 24 Paragraph 3 of the [[UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]], which has been ratified by Germany, clearly states: | |||
In Art. 24 | : ''"States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. "''<ref>{{REFweb | ||
: ''" | |||
|url=http://www.kinderaerzte-im-netz.de/bvkj/aktuelles1/show.php3?id=4277&nodeid=26 | |url=http://www.kinderaerzte-im-netz.de/bvkj/aktuelles1/show.php3?id=4277&nodeid=26 | ||
|title=Rituelle Beschneidungen bei Minderjährigen - Kinder- und Jugendärzte fordern: Allein das Recht eines Kindes auf körperliche Unversehrtheit zählt | |title=Rituelle Beschneidungen bei Minderjährigen - Kinder- und Jugendärzte fordern: Allein das Recht eines Kindes auf körperliche Unversehrtheit zählt | ||
|trans-title=Ritual circumcision in minors - paediatricians demand: Only a child's right to physical integrity counts | |||
|language=German | |||
|website=Kinderärzte im Netz | |website=Kinderärzte im Netz | ||
|date=2012-07-17 | |date=2012-07-17 | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument | }}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument | ||
|url=http://www.national-coalition.de/pdf/UN-Kinderrechtskonvention.pdf | |url=http://www.national-coalition.de/pdf/UN-Kinderrechtskonvention.pdf | ||
|title=UN-Kinderrechtskonvention im Wortlaut mit Materialien. Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes. | |title=UN-Kinderrechtskonvention im Wortlaut mit Materialien. Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes | ||
|trans-title=UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in full with materials. Convention on the Rights of the Child | |||
|language=German | |||
|date=1989-11-20 | |date=1989-11-20 | ||
|pages=32 | |pages=32 | ||
| Line 96: | Line 99: | ||
=== Types of genital mutilation === | === Types of genital mutilation === | ||
The first three types are detailed here: [[Genital mutilation (table)]]. | |||
* ''' | * '''[[Circumcision]]:''' The foreskin is removed in a ring (partially or completely).<ref name="wiki_circum">{{W|Cirkumcision}}</ref> | ||
* ''' | * '''Incision:''' The foreskin is incised one or more times. | ||
* ''' | * '''Subincision''' ([[Aborigines]]): The penis is cut so deep on the underside that the urethra is cut open lengthways (partially or completely). Widespread infections can develop, and it is not uncommon for them to end [[death|fatally]]. | ||
* ''' | * '''Sewing metal bells into the skin''' ([[India]]): This is said to enable men to better satisfy women. | ||
* ''' | * '''Sewing bamboo or metal balls (ampallangs) into the glans or penis shaft''' (Indonesia, Corea, Natives of the Philippines): This should stimulate the future partner's clitoris better. | ||
* ''' | * '''Skinning the penis''' (Dowayos in Cameroon).<ref name="dowayo"/> | ||
* ''' | * '''Crushing a testicle''' (some African and Micronesian peoples).<ref name="FocusWissen"/> | ||
=== Numbers === | === Numbers === | ||
* In | * In Turkey around 1.5 million boys are involuntarily circumcised every year.<ref>{{REFnews | ||
|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,442868,00.html | |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,442868,00.html | ||
|title=Beschneidungen in der Türkei: Schnitt im Schritt | |title=Beschneidungen in der Türkei: Schnitt im Schritt | ||
|trans-title=Circumcisions in Turkey: Cut at the crotch | |||
|language=German | |||
|website=Spiegel | |website=Spiegel | ||
|date=2006-10-17 | |date=2006-10-17 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
* In | * In the [[United States of America|USA]], approximately 57% of all male newborns are routinely circumcised shortly after birth (downward trend).<ref name="Manndat">{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://manndat.de/maennergesundheit/genitalverstuemmelung-bei-jungen-und-maennern.html | |url=http://manndat.de/maennergesundheit/genitalverstuemmelung-bei-jungen-und-maennern.html | ||
|title=MANNdat: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern | |title=MANNdat: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern | ||
|trans-title=MANNdat: Genital mutilation in boys and men | |||
|language=German | |||
|date=2005-08-23 | |date=2005-08-23 | ||
}}{{REFdocument | }}{{REFdocument | ||
|url=http://www.manndat.de/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/genitalverstuemmelung.pdf | |url=http://www.manndat.de/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/genitalverstuemmelung.pdf | ||
|title=MANNdat: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern | |title=MANNdat: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern | ||
|trans-title=MANNdat: Genital mutilation in boys and men | |||
|language=German | |||
|date=2005-08-23 | |date=2005-08-23 | ||
|pages=5 | |pages=5 | ||
|format=PDF}} ( | |format=PDF}} (Notes on a taboo subject)</ref> | ||
* Steven Svoboda, | * [[J. Steven Svoboda]], a Harvard-trained attorney for [[human rights]], estimates that boys and men are six times as likely to be victims of genital mutilation as girls and women.<ref name="Manndat"/> | ||
* | * Circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the world, currently an estimated 25 percent of the world's male population is circumcised.<ref name="wiki_circum"/> | ||
== Common reasons for circumcision == | == Common reasons for circumcision == | ||
=== Esthetic === | === Esthetic === | ||
Some might think that a circumcised penis is more attractive. However, this opinion is by no means shared by everyone. When the boy is grown up, he should be able to decide for himself whether any advantages outweigh the disadvantages. [[Parents]] are also not allowed to cut off their child's ears, even if they think that's nice. | |||
=== Hygienic === | === Hygienic === | ||
[[Smegma]] | [[Smegma]] is a white, waxy substance that is found under the [[foreskin]] can form. It consists of natural secretions and flaky skin cells. It used to be feared that smegma could be cancerous, but that has been refuted. Good general hygiene and common sense are keys to preventing infection and disease.<ref name="cirp-faq">{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/parents/FAQ/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/parents/FAQ/index.html | ||
|title= | |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Infant Circumcision | ||
}}</ref> | |website=[[CIRP]] | ||
|accessdate=2021-11-13 | |||
}}</ref> A circumcised penis is slightly easier to keep clean. An uncircumcised [[penis]] can also be kept clean: using soap and water. Again, it would not occur to anyone to cut off a child's ears just because they can get dirty. | |||
=== Constriction of the foreskin === | === Constriction of the foreskin === | ||
Circumcisions are sometimes justified because foreskin problems can arise later. So you don't wait to see whether the operation is necessary at all, but cut preventively. Nobody comes up with the stupid idea of carrying out a preventive breast decrease in women to prevent a possible {{W|Breast cancer}} from occurring. | |||
{{Citation | |||
<ref>{{REFweb | |Text=In the vast majority of cases, a [[phimosis]] or narrowing of the foreskin is named as the medical reason for the surgical removal of the penile foreskin. It should be noted, however, that this is a completely normal developmental condition, which, as long as it remains symptom-free, does not actually require treatment. Experience from the Scandinavian countries clearly shows that most children’s foreskin "problems" (constriction or sticking) resolve themselves by {{W|puberty}}. | ||
|url=http://www.intaktiv | |Author=[[Intaktiv]] e.V. | ||
|ref=<ref>{{REFweb | |||
|url=http://www.intaktiv.de/themen/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/phimose-krankheit-oder-lizenz-zum-gelddrucken.html | |||
|title=Phimose - Krankheit oder "Lizenz zum Gelddrucken"? | |title=Phimose - Krankheit oder "Lizenz zum Gelddrucken"? | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
}} | |||
# " | # "Phimosis treatment with ointment is successful in up to 95% of cases."<ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/ | ||
|title= | |title=Conservative Treatment of Phimosis: Alternatives to Radical Circumcision | ||
|website=CIRP | |website=[[CIRP]] | ||
|accessdate=2021-11-13 | |||
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | }}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|url=http://www.medreports.de/medpdf/Rev12_04.pdf | |url=http://www.medreports.de/medpdf/Rev12_04.pdf | ||
| Line 159: | Line 173: | ||
|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/yilmaz1/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/yilmaz1/ | ||
|title= | |accessdate=2021-11-13 | ||
|title=Citation of the ''International Journal of Urology'', Volume 10, issue 12, December 2003, pp. 651-656 | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
# " | # "If an intervention can be avoided, if the intended success can also be achieved in other ways, with less intensive measures, then the more intensive intervention is not in the [[child's well-being]]."<ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://www.intaktiv-online.de/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/situation-in-deutschland.html | |url=http://www.intaktiv-online.de/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/sexuelle-selbstbestimmung/situation-in-deutschland.html | ||
|title=Intaktiv Online: Situation in Deutschland | |title=Intaktiv Online: Situation in Deutschland | ||
|trans-title=Intaktiv Online: Situation in Germany | |||
|language=German | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Even if the phimosis can only be corrected surgically, removal of the foreskin is often not necessary. With modern procedures, the foreskin is preserved. | |||
=== Cervical cancer / penile cancer === | === Cervical cancer / penile cancer === | ||
Penile cancer is an extremely rare form of cancer. It mostly occurs in older men, and most doctors do not recommend infant circumcision as a preventive measure. Penile cancer can occur in both circumcised and intact men: The maggot study (an ongoing study of penile cancer at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle) found that 37% of penile cancers occur in circumcised men.<ref name="cirp-faq"/> | |||
There are "claims that the incidence of cervical carcinoma (cancer of the cervix or cervix) increased in women after sexual intercourse with uncircumcised men through the transmission of smegma. This relationship has been rejected by researchers as scientifically implausible."<ref>{{REFweb | |||
|url=http://www.lumrix.de/medizin/urologie/zirkumzision.html | |url=http://www.lumrix.de/medizin/urologie/zirkumzision.html | ||
|title=LuMriX.net: Zirkumzision | |title=LuMriX.net: Zirkumzision | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
The theory that wives of men with intact foreskins are more prone to cervical cancer has been refuted. The theory that having a foreskin increases the risk of STDs has been refuted in a new study.<ref name="cirp-faq"/> | |||
=== Religious / ritual === | === Religious / ritual === | ||
Circumcision is also widespread among boys and men, especially in Judaism, in Islamic countries (in childhood) and in Africa. | |||
{{Citation | |||
|Text=In African countries, for example, circumcision is primarily regarded as an initiation rite for adolescents during puberty. The ability to endure the pain that comes with it is considered a prerequisite for becoming man in many tribes. Often it is a prerequisite for having a wife at all, as women attach importance to marrying a man who has endured this ordeal. | |||
|ref=<ref name="Manndat"/> | |||
}} | |||
'''Germany:''' The religious communities claim that there is an exception here, which is covered by the basic right to freedom of religion. | |||
=== Prevention of masturbation === | === Prevention of masturbation === | ||
According to the puritanical view, the foreskin amputation serves to control sexuality by avoiding the sensation of sexual pleasure, which is often viewed as undesirable (especially masturbation in boys). | |||
=== AIDS prevention === | === AIDS prevention === | ||
Studies refute circumcision as [[AIDS]] prevention. Male circumcision is irrelevant to the spread of AIDS if one counts out the number of infected prostitutes in the region. There is less AIDS in Muslim areas. However, this is not caused by the higher number of circumcised men, but by the lower number of prostitutes per inhabitant. When looking at sexual intercourse individually, circumcision can reduce the transmission rate by 50-60%, but the problem is that individuals in areas with a high AIDS rate have multiple sexual contacts with infected people. Circumcision would only delay the inevitable and be ineffective as AIDS prevention.<ref name="AIDS-Studie">{{REFnews | |||
|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74521.php | |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74521.php | ||
|title=Male Circumcision Overstated As Prevention Tool Against AIDS | |title=Male Circumcision Overstated As Prevention Tool Against AIDS | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Among 500 men, 23.4% of the circumcised had already been affected by a sexually transmitted disease by the age of 32, and 23.5% of the uncircumcised.<ref name="SÜK-Studie">{{REFweb | |||
|url=http://www.icgi.org/2008/03/circumcision-does-not-shield-men-from-std/ | |url=http://www.icgi.org/2008/03/circumcision-does-not-shield-men-from-std/ | ||
|title=Circumcision does not shield men from STD | |title=Circumcision does not shield men from STD | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
It has the opposite effect when circumcised men feel safe from AIDS and do without condoms.<ref>{{REFweb | |||
|url=http://www.manndat.de/maennergesundheit/gastbeitrag-beschneidung-von-maennern-als-aids-vorsorge.html | |url=http://www.manndat.de/maennergesundheit/gastbeitrag-beschneidung-von-maennern-als-aids-vorsorge.html | ||
|title=MANNdat: Beschneidung von Männern als Aids-Vorsorge? | |title=MANNdat: Beschneidung von Männern als Aids-Vorsorge? | ||
|trans-title=MANNdat: circumcision of men as AIDS prevention? | |||
|language=German | |||
|date=2007-07-10 | |date=2007-07-10 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
== Functions of the foreskin == | == Functions of the foreskin == | ||
* | * Protective function: In small children, the glued foreskin protects the glans from the excretions in the diaper. Throughout life, the foreskin keeps the glans soft and moist and protects it from trauma, injuries, environmental influences, friction and dehydration. | ||
* | * Sexual functions | ||
** | ** The foreskin contains numerous delicate nerve endings. Together with the sensitive surface of the glans, the inner foreskin, which is retracted and turned outward during an erection, forms an extensive and highly sensitive erogenous zone, which is important for normal, intense feeling during sexual intercourse and masturbation. | ||
** | ** The foreskin prevents unnecessary friction during sexual intercourse with a special sliding effect and increases the sensation of pleasure in men and women. | ||
* | * Immune system: Specialized cells in the foreskin form substances that fight and kill pathogens. However, research into this function is still in its infancy. | ||
=== Just a little bit of skin? === | === Just a little bit of skin? === | ||
A property of the [[Foreskin | Foreskin]] is that the skin is double-layered and can contract very strongly when the penis is in a flaccid state. In the relaxed state, the foreskin is cut away. Transferred to a grown man, much of the skin of the entire erect penis is removed! The penis is THE errogenous zone in a man and with circumcision a considerable area (comparable to the palm of the hand without fingers!) Is cut away. How to determine the area is explained [https://beschneendung-von-jungen.de/home/komplikation/der-normale-penis-und-die-ausektiven-der-beschneendung.html here]. This area of skin is covered with an unusually high density of nerve cells. | |||
== Aftereffects == | == Aftereffects == | ||
=== Impairment of sexuality === | === Impairment of sexuality === | ||
With a circumcision, the [[Foreskin | Foreskin]], which normally encloses and protects the sensitive glans, the most important erogenous zone in men. Otherwise damp and extremely sensitive, it dries out and covers itself with a new, thin skin. She becomes less sensitive. In addition to the desensitization of the glans, the sensitive foreskin tissue itself is completely eliminated as a pleasure donor. If the foreskin is removed behind the glans, this corresponds to about a third of the entire skin on the penis. | |||
The frenulum (foreskin ligament) is particularly densely covered with nerve endings and is usually damaged or completely removed with the usual forms of circumcision. | |||
All in all, masturbation is experienced as less pleasurable. | |||
In | |||
The pain of the procedure was and is partly used as a punishment for "sinful" masturbation: | |||
{{Citation | |||
|Text=A remedy which is almost always successful in small boys is circumcision, especially when there is any degree of [[phimosis]]. The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anesthetic, as the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the mind, especially if it be connected with the idea of punishment, as it may well be in some cases. The soreness which continues for several weeks interrupts the practice, and if it had not previously become too firmly fixed, it may be forgotten and not resumed. | |||
|Author=John Harvey Kellogg, {{MD}} | |||
|ref=<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
In some cases, the combination of these effects leads to some blatant sexual restrictions.<ref name="Intaktiv"/> | |||
For some circumcised men, masturbation is almost only possible with aids (such as lubricant, baby oil or saliva). During sexual intercourse, the penis lacks the natural gliding of its shaft skin, which can make penetration more difficult. Direct rubbing against the vaginal wall can cause vaginal dryness problems. | |||
=== Post-traumatic stress disorder === | === Post-traumatic stress disorder === | ||
In | In a Boyle et al. (2002), 1577 Filipino boys aged 11 to 16 years before and after circumcision (performed either with or without local anesthetic) were observed. Before the procedure, it was ensured that only boys who did not have PTSD (according to DSM-IV) were included in the study. After the procedure, 50% of the boys circumcised with local anesthetic and 69% of the boys circumcised ritually (without local anesthetic) were diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria. | ||
=== Damage to health === | === Damage to health === | ||
Subincision: The underside of the penis is split. Consequence: The semen flows down outside the female body, the chances of pregnancy decrease.<ref name="FocusWissen">{{REFnews | |||
|url=http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/mensch/rituelle-beschneidungen-waffe-im-kampf-der-spermien_aid_306940.html | |url=http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/mensch/rituelle-beschneidungen-waffe-im-kampf-der-spermien_aid_306940.html | ||
|title=Rituelle Beschneidungen: Waffe im Kampf der Spermien | |title=Rituelle Beschneidungen: Waffe im Kampf der Spermien | ||
|trans-title=Ritual circumcision: weapon in the fight of the sperm | |||
|language=German | |||
|website=Focus | |website=Focus | ||
|date=2008-06-08 | |date=2008-06-08 | ||
| Line 237: | Line 271: | ||
=== Paternalism === | === Paternalism === | ||
{{Citation | |||
<ref name="Vafk-Broschure">{{REFdocument | |Text=The main argument against the circumcision of minors should not be overlooked here: it is very clear that there is an important decision that must be made here, the consequences of which are, among other things. on sexuality, is hit by others than the person concerned. In all comparable cases (e.g. female circumcision) there is broad consensus that such practices should be prevented and, if necessary, punished. Only with regard to male circumcision is there usually an astonishing [[tolerance]] and [[acceptance]]. This ambivalent view of circumcision depending on gender can only be explained by the fact that knowledge about the functions of the foreskin is not very widespread, so that many (especially people who do not have such a body part, namely women) believe that circumcision does not mean loss. | ||
|ref=<ref name="Vafk-Broschure">{{REFdocument | |||
|url=https://at.wikimannia.org/Datei:Vaeteraufbruch_fuer_Kinder_Schwaben_-_Genitale_Verstuemmelung_bei_Jungen_und_Maennern.pdf | |url=https://at.wikimannia.org/Datei:Vaeteraufbruch_fuer_Kinder_Schwaben_-_Genitale_Verstuemmelung_bei_Jungen_und_Maennern.pdf | ||
|title=Genitale Verstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern. Gründe und Hintergründe. | |title=Genitale Verstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern. Gründe und Hintergründe | ||
|trans-title=Genital Mutilation in Boys and Men. Reasons and backgrounds | |||
|publisher=[[Väteraufbruch für Kinder]] - Schwaben | |publisher=[[Väteraufbruch für Kinder]] - Schwaben | ||
|date=2005-06 | |date=2005-06 | ||
| Line 246: | Line 282: | ||
|weight=747 kB | |weight=747 kB | ||
|format=PDF | |format=PDF | ||
}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
=== Pain === | === [[Pain]] === | ||
The procedure is anything but painless for newborns. Boris Zernikow, head of the German Children's Pain Center in Datteln,<ref>{{REFweb | |||
|url=http://www.uni-wh.de/health/lehrstuhl-kinderschmerztherapie-palliativmedizin/personen/prof-dr-med-boris-zernikow/ | |url=http://www.uni-wh.de/health/lehrstuhl-kinderschmerztherapie-palliativmedizin/personen/prof-dr-med-boris-zernikow/ | ||
|title=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow, Lehrstuhlinhaber und Chefarzt des Stiftungs­lehrstuhls für Kinder­schmerz­therapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin | |title=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow, Lehrstuhlinhaber und Chefarzt des Stiftungs­lehrstuhls für Kinder­schmerz­therapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin | ||
}}</ref>, | }}</ref>, recently said in a SPIEGEL interview: ''"The pain-suppressing system does not work until a few months after the birth. Newborns feel more pain than adults."''<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|url=http://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/schwangerschaft/usa-kinderaerzte-sprechen-sich-fuer-beschneidung-aus-a-852502.html | |url=http://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/schwangerschaft/usa-kinderaerzte-sprechen-sich-fuer-beschneidung-aus-a-852502.html | ||
|title=USA: Kinderärzte befürworten Beschneidung | |title=USA: Kinderärzte befürworten Beschneidung | ||
|trans-title=USA: Pediatricians advocate circumcision | |||
|language=German | |||
|website=Spiegel Online | |website=Spiegel Online | ||
|date=2012-08-29 | |date=2012-08-29 | ||
| Line 260: | Line 299: | ||
== South Africa == | == South Africa == | ||
{{NYT de}} | |||
53 Jungen starben im Jahre 2009 bis zum 15. August 2009 an den Folgen von unsachgemäßen Beschneidungen in [[Südafrika]], während dreizehn Jungen Penis-Amputationen erlitten.<ref name="dispatch">{{REFweb | 53 Jungen starben im Jahre 2009 bis zum 15. August 2009 an den Folgen von unsachgemäßen Beschneidungen in [[Südafrika]], während dreizehn Jungen Penis-Amputationen erlitten.<ref name="dispatch">{{REFweb | ||
|url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=337230 | |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=337230 | ||
| Line 564: | Line 604: | ||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
{{Vorlage:Genitalverstümmelung (Dokumente)}}--> | {{Vorlage:Genitalverstümmelung (Dokumente)}}--> | ||
{{ABBR}} | |||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||