USAID: Difference between revisions
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}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref> | }} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref> | ||
== C-Change == | == C-Change == | ||
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|accessdate=2011-03-25 | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
== Medical evidence shows circumcision is ineffective at preventing HIV infection == | |||
{{Citation | |||
|Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys | |||
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher. | |||
|Author= | |||
|Source= | |||
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref> | |||
}} | |||
Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting HIV infection. | |||
Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal | |||
|last=Mayan | |||
|first=Madhur | |||
|init= | |||
|author-link= | |||
|last2=Hamilton | |||
|first2=Robert J. | |||
|init2= | |||
|author2-link= | |||
|last3=Juurlink | |||
|first3=David N. | |||
|init3= | |||
|author3-link= | |||
|last4=Austin | |||
|first4=Peter C. | |||
|init4= | |||
|author4-link= | |||
|last5=Jarvi | |||
|first5=Keith A. | |||
|init5= | |||
|author5-link= | |||
|etal=no | |||
|title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|journal=J Urol | |||
|location= | |||
|date=2021-09-23 | |||
|volume= | |||
|issue= | |||
|article= | |||
|page= | |||
|pages= | |||
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234 | |||
|archived= | |||
|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada. | |||
|pubmedID=34551593 | |||
|pubmedCID= | |||
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234 | |||
|accessdate=2021-11-20 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
[[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal | |||
|last=Frisch | |||
|first=Morten | |||
|init= | |||
|author-link=Morten Frisch | |||
|last2=Simonsen | |||
|first2=Jacob | |||
|init2= | |||
|author2-link= | |||
|etal=no | |||
|title=Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|journal=Eur J Epidemiol | |||
|location= | |||
|date=2021-09-26 | |||
|volume=Published online ahead of print | |||
|issue= | |||
|article= | |||
|page= | |||
|pages= | |||
|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6 | |||
|archived= | |||
|quote= | |||
|pubmedID=34564796 | |||
|pubmedCID= | |||
|DOI=10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6 | |||
|accessdate=2021-11-20 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing HIV infection. | |||
==Criticism== | ==Criticism== | ||
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|accessdate=2021-05-15 | |accessdate=2021-05-15 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
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|quote= | |quote= | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||