Financial incentive: Difference between revisions
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'''Financial incentive''' in the United States to perform medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is very large. Non-therapeutic circumcision is a multi-billion dollar industry. Profit is reaped not only from the practice of circumcision itself, and associated hospital charges, but also from the sale of harvested foreskins, the sale of products derived from harvested foreskins, the sale of circumcision specific tools and utensils, and the treatment of | '''Financial incentive''' in the United States to perform medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is very large. Non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is a multi-billion dollar industry. Profit is reaped not only from the practice of circumcision itself, and associated hospital charges, but also from the sale of harvested [[Foreskin| foreskins]], the sale of products derived from harvested foreskins, the sale of circumcision specific tools and utensils, and the treatment of [[Complication| complications]] and botched circumcisions. | ||
== The procedure itself == | == The procedure itself == | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
1.2 million baby boys are circumcised a year in the United States alone. At a dollar per procedure, that is already $1,200,000 a year. The going rate for a circumcision procedure is approximately $1,700 when hospital charges are included, multiplied by 1.2 million, that is approximately $2,040,000,000 a year that circumcision brings in based on the procedure alone. | 1.2 million baby boys are circumcised a year in the [[United States]] alone. At a dollar per procedure, that is already $1,200,000 a year. The going rate for a circumcision procedure is approximately $1,700 when hospital charges are included, multiplied by 1.2 million, that is approximately $2,040,000,000 a year that circumcision brings in based on the procedure alone. | ||
When a baby boy is to be circumcised, mother and baby remain in hospital for about one-fourth of a day longer,<ref name="mansfield1995" /> so that increases the profit to the hospital. | When a baby boy is to be [[circumcised]], mother and baby remain in hospital for about one-fourth of a day longer,<ref name="mansfield1995" /> so that increases the profit to the hospital. | ||
Bollinger (2012) estimates that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb | Bollinger (2012) estimates that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb | ||
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|accessdate=2020-11-25 | |accessdate=2020-11-25 | ||
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|quote=As | |quote=As the saying goes, follow the money. Now you know why neither the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], American Medical Association, [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], or the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] haven’t condemned this unnecessary surgery, and why their physician members are quick to recommend the procedure to expectant parents. | ||
}}</ref> [[Third-party payment]] is a major support to the performance of this medically-unnecessary surgery. | }}</ref> [[Third-party payment]] is a major support to the performance of this medically-unnecessary surgery. | ||
The now expired and discredited AAP 2012 ''Circumcision Policy Statement'' stated that "Although health benefits are not great enough to recommend routine (i.e. non-therapeutic) circumcision for all male newborns, the benefits of circumcision are sufficient to justify access to this procedure for families choosing it and to '''warrant third-party payment''' for circumcision of male newborns. It is important that clinicians routinely inform parents of the health benefits and risks of male newborn circumcision in an unbiased and accurate manner." and "The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has endorsed this statement."<ref>{{REFweb | The now expired and discredited AAP 2012 ''Circumcision Policy Statement'' stated that "Although health benefits are not great enough to recommend routine (i.e. non-therapeutic) circumcision for all male newborns, the benefits of circumcision are sufficient to justify access to this procedure for families choosing it and to '''warrant [[third-party payment]]''' for [[circumcision]] of male newborns. It is important that clinicians routinely inform parents of the health benefits and risks of male newborn [[circumcision]] in an unbiased and accurate manner." and "The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has endorsed this statement."<ref>{{REFweb | ||
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==Government support == | ==Government support == | ||
Although the foreskin has [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological and protective functions]], Government medical insurance in the United States still holds the notion, which originated in the late 19th century, that the [[foreskin]] is a cesspool of disease, and circumcision improves hygiene and prevents sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), therefore it is best cut off and insurance should pay for it without any proof of [[medical indication]] or necessity, so there are no effective controls in force to see that only medically necessary services are covered.<ref name="hodges1997">{{REFbook | Although the [[foreskin]] has [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological and protective functions]], Government medical insurance in the [[United States]] still holds the notion, which originated in the late 19th century, that the [[foreskin]] is a cesspool of disease, and circumcision improves hygiene and prevents sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), therefore it is best cut off and insurance should pay for it without any proof of [[medical indication]] or necessity, so there are no effective controls in force to see that only medically necessary services are covered.<ref name="hodges1997">{{REFbook | ||
|last=Hodges | |last=Hodges | ||
|first=Frederick M. | |first=Frederick M. | ||
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===Indian Health Service=== | ===Indian Health Service=== | ||
The [https://www.ihs.gov/ Indian Health Service] provides non-therapeutic circumcision to native Americans, even though circumcision is not part of the culture of native Americans. | The [https://www.ihs.gov/ Indian Health Service] provides non-therapeutic circumcision to native Americans, even though [[circumcision]] is not part of the culture of native Americans. | ||
===Tricare=== | ===Tricare=== | ||
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===Civil servants=== | ===Civil servants=== | ||
There are about 2 million United States government employees in the United States whose health insurance covers non-therapeutic circumcision. | There are about 2 million United States government employees in the [[United States]] whose health insurance covers non-therapeutic circumcision. | ||
===Medicare=== | ===Medicare=== | ||
The [https://www.medicare.gov/ United States Medicare Program] provides health insurance for persons who have reached the age of 65 years. It assumes that any man with a [[foreskin]] needs a [[circumcision]]. It does not require proof of medical necessity to provide | The [https://www.medicare.gov/ United States Medicare Program] provides health insurance for persons who have reached the age of 65 years. It assumes that any man with a [[foreskin]] needs a [[circumcision]]. It does not require proof of medical necessity to provide [[hird-party payment]]. | ||
===State and local government=== | ===State and local government=== | ||