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Penile cancer: Difference between revisions

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  |date=2018
  |date=2018
  |accessdate=2020-09-19
  |accessdate=2020-09-19
}}</ref>
== Incidence of penile cancer ==
In North America the rate of penile cancer has been estimated to be 1 in 100,000<ref>{{REFdocument
|last=Cutler
|init=SJ
|last2=Young Jr
|init2=JL
|title=Third national cancer survey: incidence data
|location=Bethesda, {{USSC|MD}}
|publisher=US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service
|date=1975
}}</ref>. Maden et al. (1993) reported penile cancer among a fifth of elderly patients from rural areas who had been circumcised neonatally and had been born at a time when the rate of neonatal circumcision was about 20% in rural populations.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Maden
|init=C
|last2=Sherman
|init2=KJ
|last3=Beckman
|init3=AM
|last4=Hislop
|init4=TG
|last5=Teh
|init5=CZ
|last6=Ashley
|init6=RL
|etal=yes
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/maden/
|title=History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer
|journal=JNCI
|date=1993
|volume=85
|pages=19-24
}}</ref> Their study also shows that the rate of penile cancer among men circumcised neonatally has risen in the United States relative to the rise in the rate of neonatal circumcision.
Penile cancer is very rare in Europe and North America, occurring in about one in 100,000 men in the latter. It accounts for 0.2% of cancers and 0.1% of deaths from cancer amongst males in the United States. However, in some parts of Africa and South America it accounts for up to 10% of cancers in men.<ref name="What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?">{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20071030194444/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=
|archived=yes
|title=ACS :: What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?
|last=
|first=
|publisher=
|website=
|date=2007-10-30
|accessdate=2007-12-13
}}</ref>
In Japan, Norway, and Sweden, the risk of penile cancer is about the same  as in the US (1 in 100,000 per year).<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Wallerstein
|init=E
|title=Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma
|journal=Urol Clin North Am
|volume=12
|issue=1
|pages=123-32
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/
|quote=
|pubmedID=3883617
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=1985-02
|accessdate=2020-02-10
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


== Risk factors ==
== Risk factors ==
The major risk factors for penile cancer are advanced age (greater than age 60), use of tobacco, and infection with human papilloma virus.
The major risk factors for penile cancer are advanced age (greater than age 60), use of tobacco, and infection with human papilloma virus.


Line 604: Line 665:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
== Incidence of penile cancer ==
In North America the rate of penile cancer has been estimated to be 1 in 100,000<ref>{{REFdocument
|last=Cutler
|init=SJ
|last2=Young Jr
|init2=JL
|title=Third national cancer survey: incidence data
|location=Bethesda, {{USSC|MD}}
|publisher=US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service
|date=1975
}}</ref>. Maden et al. (1993) reported penile cancer among a fifth of elderly patients from rural areas who had been circumcised neonatally and had been born at a time when the rate of neonatal circumcision was about 20% in rural populations.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Maden
|init=C
|last2=Sherman
|init2=KJ
|last3=Beckman
|init3=AM
|last4=Hislop
|init4=TG
|last5=Teh
|init5=CZ
|last6=Ashley
|init6=RL
|etal=yes
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/maden/
|title=History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer
|journal=JNCI
|date=1993
|volume=85
|pages=19-24
}}</ref> Their study also shows that the rate of penile cancer among men circumcised neonatally has risen in the United States relative to the rise in the rate of neonatal circumcision.
Penile cancer is very rare in Europe and North America, occurring in about one in 100,000 men in the latter. It accounts for 0.2% of cancers and 0.1% of deaths from cancer amongst males in the United States. However, in some parts of Africa and South America it accounts for up to 10% of cancers in men.<ref name="What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?">{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20071030194444/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=
|archived=yes
|title=ACS :: What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?
|last=
|first=
|publisher=
|website=
|date=2007-10-30
|accessdate=2007-12-13
}}</ref>
In Japan, Norway, and Sweden, the risk of penile cancer is about the same  as in the US (1 in 100,000 per year).<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Wallerstein
|init=E
|title=Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma
|journal=Urol Clin North Am
|volume=12
|issue=1
|pages=123-32
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/
|quote=
|pubmedID=3883617
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=1985-02
|accessdate=2020-02-10
}}</ref>


== HPV vaccine ==
== HPV vaccine ==
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