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Immunological and protective function of the foreskin: Difference between revisions

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== The protective and hygienic function of the foreskin ==
== The protective and hygienic function of the foreskin ==


The [[foreskin]], like the eyelid, also serves an important protective and hygienic function. The [[foreskin]] provides physical protection of the delicate [[glans]] of the [[penis]] and puts the [[urethra]] at a distance from its environment, protecting it from foreign pathogens and contaminants of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the [[penis]] from traumatic injury. It is a double fold of [[skin]] which offers two layers of protection to prevent [[keratinization]] and maintain sensitivity.
The [[foreskin]], like the eyelid, also serves an important protective and hygienic function. The [[foreskin]] provides physical protection of the delicate [[glans]] of the [[penis]] and puts the [[urethra]] at a distance from its environment, protecting it from foreign pathogens and contaminants of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the [[penis]] from traumatic injury.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> The [[foreskin]] protects the infant [[glans penis]] from ammonia in diapers (nappies) and prevents meatal ulcer and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref>{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> <ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|init=RS
|author-link=
|title=Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting
|journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila)
|volume=45
|issue=1
|pages=49-54
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000992280604500108?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
|quote=
|pubmedID=16429216
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1177/000992280604500108
|date=2006-01
|accessdate=2020-01-09
|note=Jan-Feb 2006
}}</ref> It is a double fold of [[skin]] which offers two layers of protection to prevent [[keratinization]] and maintain sensitivity.


At birth, the [[foreskin]] is usually attached to the [[glans]] (head) of the [[penis]] by a [[synechia]], akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>{{REFjournal
At birth, the [[foreskin]] is usually attached to the [[glans]] (head) of the [[penis]] by a [[synechia]], akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>{{REFjournal
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  |pages=243-249
  |pages=243-249
}}</ref>  
}}</ref>  
Together, these properties prevent the entry of pathogens and contaminants.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> The [[foreskin]] protects the infant [[glans penis]] from ammonia in diapers (nappies) and prevents meatal ulcer and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref>{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> <ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal
Together, these properties prevent the entry of pathogens and contaminants.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" /> <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|init=RS
|author-link=
|title=Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting
|journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila)
|volume=45
|issue=1
|pages=49-54
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000992280604500108?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
|quote=
|pubmedID=16429216
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1177/000992280604500108
|date=2006-01
|accessdate=2020-01-09
|note=Jan-Feb 2006
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Upadhyay
  |last=Upadhyay
  |init=V
  |init=V
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