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Osteopathic medicine is practiced in parallel with allopathic medicine in the [[United States]].
Osteopathic medicine is practiced in parallel with allopathic medicine in the [[United States]].


The [https://osteopathic.org/ American Osteopathic Association] (AOA) is the [[medical trade association]] for osteopathic doctors. The AOA has not enunciated a position regarding male circumcision, however the AOA has adopted four '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' that may be applied to both [[child circumcision]] and [[adult circumcision]]. The Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine express the underlying philosophy of osteopathic medicine and were approved by the AOA House of Delegates as policy.
The [https://osteopathic.org/ American Osteopathic Association] (AOA) is the [[medical trade association]] for osteopathic doctors. The AOA has not enunciated a position regarding male circumcision, however the AOA has adopted four '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' that may be applied to both [[child circumcision]] and [[adult circumcision]]. The Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine express the underlying philosophy of osteopathic medicine and were approved by the AOA House of Delegates as policy.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://osteopathic.org/about/leadership/aoa-governance-documents/tenets-of-osteopathic-medicine/
|title=Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine
|last=Anonymous
|publisher=American Osteopathic Association
|date=
|accessdate=2026-03-19
}}</ref>
==Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine==
==Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine==
===1. The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind and spirit.===
===1. The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind and spirit.===
The harmful, adverse effects of [[circumcision]] upon the human person had, until recently, been ignored for many decades. Now there is increasing evidence of the harm of the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and [[amputation]] of the multi-functional [[foreskin]] upon the [[Sexual injury of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological injury of male circumcision| psychological]] well-being of the human person.
The harmful, adverse effects of [[circumcision]] upon the human person had, until recently, been ignored for many decades. Now there is increasing evidence of the harm of the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and [[amputation]] of the multi-functional [[foreskin]] upon the [[Sexual injury of circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological injury of male circumcision| psychological]] well-being of the human person.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Hill
|first=
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|title=The case against circumcision
|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
|date=2007
|volume=4
|issue=3
|pages=318-23
|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
|quote=Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerableand sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious, and unnecessary surgery.
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-18
}}</ref> <ref name="andersen2026">{{REFjournal
|last=Andersen-Giberson
|init=D
|author-link=Dale Andersen
|url=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|title=Circumcision and forced disability: Routine male neonatal circumcision and the consequences of amputation within a critical disability studies framework
|journal=Critical Disability Discourses
|date=2025-12
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=1-37
|URL=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.25071/1918-6215.39786
|accessdate=2026-03-12
|quote=In a critical disability studies framework, it is argued that the act of amputating healthy erogenous tissue and the consequences of that amputation cause disability, particularly from a counter-hegemonic lens.
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-12
}}</ref>


===2. The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing and health maintenance.===
===2. The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing and health maintenance.===
Line 75: Line 114:


===4. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation and the interrelationship of structure and function.===
===4. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation and the interrelationship of structure and function.===
When these basic principles are applied, it will quickly be seen that harmful medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys is contraindicated.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal
When these basic principles are applied, it will quickly be seen that harmful medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys is contraindicated.
|last=Hill
|first=
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|title=The case against circumcision
|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
|date=2007
|volume=4
|issue=3
|pages=318-23
|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
|quote=Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerableand sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious, and unnecessary surgery.
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-18
}}</ref> <ref name="andersen2026">{{REFjournal
|last=Andersen-Giberson
|init=D
|author-link=Dale Andersen
|url=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|title=Circumcision and forced disability: Routine male neonatal circumcision and the consequences of amputation within a critical disability studies framework
|journal=Critical Disability Discourses
|date=2025-12
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=1-37
|URL=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.25071/1918-6215.39786
|accessdate=2026-03-12
|quote=In a critical disability studies framework, it is argued that the act of amputating healthy erogenous tissue and the consequences of that amputation cause disability, particularly from a counter-hegemonic lens.
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-12
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]]
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]]
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