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}}</ref> and [[epispasm]] was invented. Up until the 2th century, [[Jewish circumcision]] involved only partial foreskin removal.  Rabbis of the 2th century responded to the practice of epispsam to increase the injury by mandating ''[[Periah| peri’ah]]''to change Jewish circumcision, or the complete ablation of the [[foreskin]] in order to prevent Jewish men from engaging in [[foreskin restoration]].<ref>{{REFbook