View source for Cologne circumcision court judgment

The so-called '''Cologne circumcision court judgment''' means a judgment<ref>http://dejure.org/dienste/vernetzung/rechtsprechung?Gericht=LG%20K%F6ln&Datum=07.05.2012&Aktenzeichen=151%20Ns%20169/11</ref> issued by the regional court of Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on 7 May 2012 in the second instance.<ref>LG Köln, 07.05.2012 - 151 Ns 169/11</ref> The court considered [[circumcision]] (''Beschneidung'') a bodily injury, which will not be justified by a religious motivation and the desire of the parents and is not in the best interests of the child. The decision was taken in view of the fundamental rights provided by the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany (''Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland'').

==German Basic Law==

The [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/ German Basic Law] (''Grundgesetz'') was drafted in 1948 under the oversight of the Allied Powers to serve as an interim constitution until such time as Germany was reunified.  The authors of the Basic Law sought to ensure that a potential dictator would never again be able to come to power in the country, so the authors elevated [[human rights]] and human dignity to core values protected by the Basic Law. The Basic Law was approved in Bonn on 8 May 1949, approved by the Allied Powers on 12 May, and went into effect on 23 May 1949.

The first title of the Basic Law serves as a bill of rights.  It has nineteen articles that enumerate various fundamental [[human rights]]. Article 2(2) provides:
<blockquote> 
Every person shall have the right to life and physical integrity.
</blockquote>

==The Cologne case==

Underlaying the following case: On November 4, 2010 a Muslim doctor circumcised an at the time four years old boy of Muslim parents at their request on the rules of medical art in his practice. Strong [[haemorrhage]] resulted in that the mother brought the boy on November 6, 2010, in the {{UNI|University of Cologne|Koeln}} Hospital, where the [[bleeding]] could be stopped. The ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'' reported that the treatment after the [[circumcision]] was carried out "in general anesthesia". The boy had come for several days in a children's ward. Three dressing changes have also taken place in anesthesia. The doctor's letter also states the exposed [[penis]] surface and the [[Glans penis|glans]] were "uneven, corroded and fibrinous". The boy had been for ten days in clinical treatment over all.<ref>{{REFweb
 |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/beschneidungs-urteil-des-landgerichts-koeln-vierjaehriger-junge-war-mehrfach-in-narkose-1.1412621
 |title=Beschneidungs-Urteil des Landgerichts Köln: Vierjähriger Junge war mehrfach in Narkose
 |trans-title=Circumcision judgment of the district court Cologne: four-year-old boy was several times under anesthesia
 |language=German
 |publisher=Süddeutsche Zeitung
 |date=2012-07-14
 |accessdate=2019-10-29
}}</ref>

Although the offense of assault was found, the doctor was acquitted due to lack of case law on the subject of the present [[circumcision]], because he had acted in an unavoidable mistake and therefore without guilt (§ 17 sentence 1 Criminal Code).

Since subsequent cases of [[circumcision]] would be no longer protected by 'unavoidable mistake' on the basis of this judgment, the judgment attracted more attention and initiated a change of direction in the legal opinion on the subject [[MGM|Circumcision of Boys]] in Germany.

The Cologne Regional Court (''Landgericht Köln'') mainly related to earlier publications<ref>[http://www.holmputzke.de/index.php/kontrovers/religioese-beschneidung Religiöse Beschneidung]</ref> of [[Holm Putzke]] on the topic and found that neither the parental authority nor the religious freedom of parents would be sufficient grounds to justify the irreversible [[circumcision]] of genitals.

<blockquote>
"Anyway, Article 2 paragraph 2 sentence 1 GG ''(Basic Law)'' is an intrinsic constitutional limit for the fundamental rights of parents. On balancing the affected fundamental rights, the principle of proportionality has to be observed. [[Circumcision]] for religious education is a violation of the physical integrity and, if it is required at all, in any case inappropriate. This follows from the classification of § 1631 subsection 2 sentence 1 BGB ''(Civil Law Code)''. Also, the body of the child is changed permanently and irreparably by [[circumcision]]. This change is against the interest of the child to be able to decide himself about his religious affiliation later.

Vice versa, the education right of parents is not unreasonably impaired if they are to be seen whether the boy decides later when he is mature, himself for the [[circumcision]] as a visible sign of belonging to Islam."<ref>[http://www.iww.de/quellenmaterial/id/85915 Landgericht Köln: Urteil vom 07.05.2012 – 151 Ns 169/11]</ref>
</blockquote>

The Cologne circumcision court [https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ilm/CircumcisionJudgmentLGCologne7May20121.pdf judgment] was the catalyst of the so far most violent and longest [[Circumcision Debate]] in Germany. Especially religion representatives of the cutting religions put the policy under pressure to prevent as soon as possible in legal ways, that this judgment would endure universal. After today's state of knowledge, the public debate was sparked especially by statements from the European Rabbis Conference in July 2012. While the judgment had been related to a boy with Muslim parents, the Muslims in Germany did neither at the beginning nor in the course of the debate argue with such [[Anti-Semitism club|harsh accusations]] like the Jewish religious leaders did. The Cologne circumcision court judgment has since been repeatedly cited internationally as a change of direction, whenever [[circumcision]] proponents, [[intactivists]] and lawyers discuss about [[circumcision]].

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[German Circumcision Act]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[The Right To Bodily Integrity - J. Steven Svoboda]]

{{LINKS}}
* [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.pdf German Basic Law (1949) (''Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland'')]
* [https://www.lg-koeln.nrw.de/ Landgericht Köln]
* {{REFweb
 |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ilm/CircumcisionJudgmentLGCologne7May20121.pdf
 |title=Judgment
 |trans-title=
 |language=English
 |last=Aumüller
 |first=Alexander
 |author-link=
 |publisher=Landgericht Cologne
 |website={{UNI|University of Durham|UOD}}
 |date=2012-05-07
 |accessdate=2020-02-21
 |format=PDF
 |quote=
}}
* [http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/beschneidung-eine-dauerhafte-und-irreparable-veraenderung-11799975.html Circumcision: A permanent and irreversible change], FAZ 2012-06-26
* [http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/religioes-motivierte-beschneidung-von-jungen-ist-laut-gericht-strafbar-a-841084.html Cologne Regional Court: Circumcision for religious reasons is punishable], Spiegel, 2012-06-26
* [http://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/urteil-des-landgerichts-koeln-beschneidung-von-jungen-aus-religioesen-gruenden-ist-strafbar-1.1393536 Circumcision of boys for religious reasons is punishable], Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2012-06-26
* {{REFweb
 |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/germany-regional-court-ruling-criminalizes-circumcision-of-young-boys/
 |title=Germany: Regional Court Ruling Criminalizes Circumcision of Young Boys
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |last=Zeldin
 |first=Wendy
 |author-link=
 |publisher=The Law Library of Congress
 |website=www.loc.gov
 |date=2012-07-03
 |accessdate=2020-02-08
 |format=
 |quote=
}}

* {{REFdocument
 |title=The Cologne Judgment: a curiosity or the start sign for condemning circumcision of male children without their consent as a human rights violation?
 |url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11825/161/Bernaerts_2012%EF%80%A213.pdf
 |contribution=
 |last=Bernaerts
 |first=Jonathan Alfons J
 |publisher=European Commission
 |format=PDF
 |date=2014
 |accessdate=2020-05-04
}}
 
{{REF}}

[[Category:Jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Criminal circumcision]]
[[Category:Law: Germany]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Human rights]]

[[de:Kölner Beschneidungsurteil]]