View source for Post-traumatic stress disorder

The following text is quoted from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posttraumatic_stress_disorder Wikipedia]:

<blockquote>
'''Posttraumatic stress disorder''' ('''PTSD''') may develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, such as major stress, sexual assault, terrorism, or other threats on a person's life.<ref>American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 271–280. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.</ref> The diagnosis may be given when a group of symptoms, such as disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance or numbing of memories of the event, and hyperarousal, continue for more than a month after the occurrence of a traumatic event.

Most people having experienced a traumatizing event will not develop PTSD.<ref>National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/ "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care"]. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015848/ Lay summary] – Pubmed Health (plain English).</ref> People who experience assault-based trauma are more likely to develop PTSD, as opposed to people who experience non-assault based trauma such as witnessing trauma, accidents, and fire events.<ref>Zoladz, Phillip (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (5): 860-895. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.024</ref> Children are less likely to experience PTSD after trauma than adults, especially if they are under ten years of age. War veterans are commonly at risk for PTSD.
</blockquote>

===Child circumcision as a traumatizing event===

The male [[circumcision]] operation to amputate the [[foreskin]] has been shown to be a traumatic event. 

Taddio & colleagues (1995)(1997) studied the effect of neonatal circumcision on the behavior of boys after surgery and at the time of vaccination. It was found that circumcised boys had a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with intact boys,<ref name="taddio"1995">{{REFjournal
 |last=Taddio
 |init=A
 |first=Anna
 |author-link=
 |last2=Goldbach
 |init2=M
 |first2=Morton
 |author2-link=
 |last3=Ipp
 |init3=M
 |first3=Moshe
 |author3-link=
 |last4=Stevens
 |init4=S
 |first4=Bonnie
 |author4-link=
 |last5=Koren
 |init5=G
 |first5=Gideon
 |author5-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys
 |journal=Lancet
 |location=
 |date=1995
 |volume=344
 |issue=
 |pages=291-2
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio/
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=7837863
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90278-3
 |accessdate=2020-11-10
}}</ref> <ref name="taddio1997">{{REFjournal
 |last=Taddio
 |init=A
 |first=Anna
 |author-link=
 |last2=Katz
 |init2=J
 |first2=Joel
 |author2-link=
 |last3=Ilersich
 |init3=AL
 |first3=A. Lane
 |author3-link=
 |last4=Gideon
 |init4=K
 |first4=Koren
 |author4-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
 |journal=Lancet
 |location=
 |date=1997-03-01
 |volume=342
 |issue=9052
 |pages=599-603
 |url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/7941/KAT036.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=9057731
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10316-0 
 |accessdate=2020-11-28
}}</ref> showing that the nervous system had been permanently sensitized to heightened pain sensation.

Taddio ''et al''. (1997) concluded:
<blockquote>
Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.<ref name="taddio1997" />
</blockquote>

John Rhinehart, M. D., (1999) a clinical psychiatrist, reported finding numerous cases of PTSD in his adult male patients pursuant to infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
 |last=Rhinehart
 |init=J
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
 |journal=Tranactional Analysis Journal
 |date=1999-07
 |volume=29
 |issue=3
 |pages=215-21
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
 |accessdate=2020-11-28
}}</ref>

Boyle & Ramos (2019) studied boys in the Philippine Islands who had undergone medical circumcision and others who had suffered the traditional "''tuli''" circumcision. Of the boys who had a medical circumcision, 51 percent exhibited symptoms of PTSD. Of the boys who had a ''tuli'' circumcision, 69 percent exhibited symptoms of PTSD.<ref>{{REFjournal
 |last=Boyle
 |init=J
 |first=Gregory
 |author-link=
 |last2=Ramos
 |init2=
 |first2=Samuel
 |author2-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino boys subjected to non-therapeutic ritual or medical surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort study
 |trans-title=
 |language=English
 |journal=Annals of Medicine and Surgery
 |location=
 |date=2019
 |volume=42
 |issue=
 |pages=19-22
 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080119300305
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=31080593
 |pubmedCID=6506608
 |DOI=10.1016/j.amsu.2019.04.004
 |accessdate=2020-11-28
}}</ref>

{{SEEALSO}}

* [[Pain]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]]

{{REF}}


[[Category:Pain]]

[[de:Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung]]