View source for Circumcision legal commentary

'''Circumcision legal commentary''' has been published for about the last fifty years in several nations by different authors who have a variety of views concerning non-therapeutic involuntary [[circumcision]] of male children. The intent of this page is to collect such circumcision legal commentary in the English language as can be found online and link to it. Material will be arranged in approximate chronological order of publication.



{{Incomplete}}

==Commentaries==
=== 1966 ===
* T. L. Fisher (1966), an officer of the [https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/home Canadian Medical Protective Association], discussed the legal dangers of using outmoded treatment. This is, of course, relevant to the outmoded practice of circumcision of male children.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Fisher
 |init=TL
 |author-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Outmoded Treatment
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |journal=Can Med Assoc J
 |location=
 |date=1966-09-17
 |volume=95
 |issue=12
 |pages=630
 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1935654/pdf/canmedaj01182-0037.pdf
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=5912181
 |pubmedCID=1935654
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1968 ===
* Morse (1968) discussed ritual circumcision in hospitals under the law of New York.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Morse
 |init=HW
 |author-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Ritual Circumcision
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |journal=JAMA
 |location=
 |date=1968
 |volume=203
 |issue=12
 |pages=257-8
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/morse/
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1971 ===
* Roddey (1971) discussed legal issues that can arise from the performance of then very common infant non-therapeutic circumcision.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Roddey
 |init=AR
 |author-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Law & Medicine: Circumcision
 |journal=JAMA
 |location=
 |date=1971-10-04
 |volume=218
 |issue=1
 |pages=149-50
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/holder/
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1980 ===
* Canadian medical ethicist [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1980) published a commentary on the distinctions between therapeutic medical procedures and non-therapeutic medical procedures. Since the circumcision of male infants is a non-therapeutic procedure, her remarks are relevant here.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Somerville
 |first=Margaret
 |init=M
 |author-link=Margaret A. Somerville
 |title=Medical Interventions and the Criminal Law
 |journal=McGill Law Journal
 |date=1980
 |volume=26
 |issue=82
 |pages=82-96
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/somerville/
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1981 ===
* [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1981) discusses the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Somerville
 |first=Margaret
 |init=M
 |author-link=Margaret A. Somerville
 |etal=no
 |title=Therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures--what are the distinctions?
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |journal=Health law in Canada
 |location=
 |date=1980-12-31
 |volume=2
 |issue=4
 |pages=85-90
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/somerville1981/
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=10309681 
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1985 ===
* American William E. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the actual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Brigman
 |first=William E.
 |init=WE
 |author-link=
 |title=Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional Issues
 |journal=J Fam Law
 |date=1985
 |volume=23
 |issue=3
 |pages=337
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/brigman/
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1986 ===
* Sebastian Poulter (1986) argued that parents may authorise the non-therapeutic circumcision of a male minor under English law. Later British court decisions call his comments into question.
: {{REFbook
 |last=Poulter
 |first=Sebastian
 |year=1986
 |title=English Criminal Law and Ethnic Minority Customs
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/poulter/
 |pages=
 |isbn=00113259765
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1989 ===
* [[Charles A. Bonner|Bonner]] & Kinane (1989) discussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-therapeutic male circumcision under United States and California law.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Bonner
 |first=Charles
 |init=C
 |author-link=Charles A. Bonner
 |last2=Kinane
 |first2=Michael
 |init2=M
 |author2-link=
 |title=The Legal and Constitutional Issues
 |journal=The Truth Seeker
 |date=1989-07
 |url=http://www.noharmm.org/bonner.htm
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1992 ===
* Lynn E. Lebit (1992) discusses issues with the substituted judgment doctrine.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Lebit
 |first=Lynn E.
 |init=LE
 |author-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents and Misapplication of the Substituted Judgment Doctrine
 |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine
 |location=
 |date=1992
 |volume=7
 |issue=
 |pages=107
 |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=jlh
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=11659623
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1993 ===
* The Queensland Law Reform Commission (QLRC) (1993) considered possible reforms to the law of the state of Queensland, Australia, however no action has been taken after nearly 30 years.
: {{REFdocument
 |title=Circumcision of Male Infants Research Paper
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/QLRC/
 |contribution=
 |last=
 |first=
 |publisher=Queensland Law Reform Commission
 |format=
 |date=1993
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1994 ===
* [[James G. Dwyer]] (1994) discussed the impact of parents' religion on children's welfare.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Dwyer
 |first=James G.
 |init=JG
 |author-link=James G. Dwyer
 |title=Parents' Religion and Children's Welfare: Debunking the Doctrine of Parents' Rights
 |journal=California L. Rev.
 |date=1994-12
 |volume=82
 |issue=6
 |pages=1371
 |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1167&context=facpubs
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 1995 ===
* [[David J. Llewellyn]] (1995) discusses legal remedies when hospitals or doctors injure patients by circumcision.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Llewellyn
 |first=David J.
 |init=DJ
 |author-link=David J. Llewellyn
 |title=Legal remedies for penile torts
 |journal=The Compleat Mother
 |date=1995
 |volume=40
 |issue=Winter
 |pages=16
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/USA/llewellyn/
 |accessdate=2020-05-13
}}

=== 1996 ===
* Australian professor of law Neville Turner (1996) points out that circumcised boys may sue for damages.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Turner
 |first=J. Neville
 |init=JN
 |author-link=J. Neville Turner
 |title=Circumcised boys may sue
 |journal=Health Law Update
 |date=1996-02-23
 |volume=1
 |issue=4
 |pages=1-2
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/news/1996.02.23_Oz/
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

* David Richards (1996) argues that the best way to reduce the incidence of circumcision is to remove it from the medical benefits schedule.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Richards
 |first=David
 |init=D
 |author-link=David Richards
 |title=Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual?
 |journal=J Law Medicine
 |date=1996-05
 |volume=3
 |issue=4
 |pages=371-6
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/richards/
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

* Christopher Price, M.A. (Oxon) (1996) briefed the [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ Law Commission of England and Wales] on issues of male circumcision.
: {{REFdocument
 |title=Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/price-uklc/
 |last=Price
 |first=Christopher
 |author-link=Christopher P Price
 |publisher=
 |location=
 |format=
 |date=1996-12
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

* James G. Dwyer discussed religious exemptions as a denial of equal protection.
: {{REFdocument
 |title=The Children We Abandon: Religious Exemptions to Child Welfare and Education Law as Denials of Equal Protection to Children of Religious Objectors
 |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=facpubs
 |contribution=
 |last=Dwyer
 |first=James G.
 |publisher=North Carolina Law Review
 |format=PDF
 |date=1996
 |accessdate=2021-01-12
}}

=== 1997 ===
* Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Chessler
 |first=Abbie
 |init=A
 |author-link=
 |title=Justifying the Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong
 |journal= Buffalo L. Rev
 |date=1997
 |volume=45
 |issue=
 |pages=555
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/chessler/
 |accessdate=2020-05-10
}}

=== 1998 ===
* Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights], has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international human rights law.
: {{REFbook
 |last=Smith 
 |first=Jacqueline
 |author-link=Jacqueline Smith
 |year=1998
 |title=Male Circumcision and the Rights of the Child
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/smith/
 |work=To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays in Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands
 |editor=Mielle Bulterman, Aart Hendriks and Jacqueline Smith (Eds.)
 |edition=SIM-21
 |volume=
 |chapter=
 |pages=465-98
 |location=Utrecht
 |publisher=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights
 |isbn=
 |quote=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
 |note=
}}

* Povenmire (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Povenmire
 |first=Ross
 |init=R
 |author-link=Ross Povenmire
 |title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States.
 |journal=Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 
 |date=1998
 |volume=7
 |issue=
 |pages=87
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/povenmire/
 |accessdate=2020-05-09
}}

=== 1999 ===
* The late British solicitor Christopher P Price (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
_ {{REFbook
 |last=Price
 |first=Christopher P
 |author-link=Christopher P. Price
 |year=1999
 |title=Male Non-therapeutic circumcision: The Legal and Ethical Issues
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/price2/
 |work=Male and Female Circumcision, Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice 
 |editor=Denniston GC, Hodges FM and Milos MF eds.
 |edition=
 |volume=
 |chapter=
 |pages=425-54
 |location=New York
 |publisher=New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
 |isbn=
 |quote=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
 |note=
}}

* Van Howe, Svoboda, Dywer, & Price (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Van Howe
 |first=Robert S.
 |init=RS
 |author-link=Robert S. Van Howe
 |last2=Svoboda
 |first2=J. Steven
 |init2=JS
 |author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda
 |last3=Dwyer
 |init3=JG
 |author3-link=James G. Dwyer
 |last4=Price
 |init4=CP
 |author4-link=Christopher P. Price
 |etal=no
 |title=Involuntary circumcision: the legal issues
 |journal=BJU Int
 |location=
 |date=1999-01
 |volume=83 Supplement 1
 |issue=
 |pages=63-73
 |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1063.x
 |pubmedID=10349416
 |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1063.x
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 2000 ===
* Boyle et al. (2000) argue strongly, that in common law jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, parents lack the capacity to consent to non-therapeutic circumcision, so it constitutes criminal assault, whenever it is performed.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Boyle
 |first=Gregory J.
 |init=GJ
 |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
 |last2=Svoboda
 |first2=J. Steven
 |init2=JS
 |author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda
 |last3=Price
 |first3=Christopher P.
 |init3=CP
 |author3-link=Christopher P. Price
 |last4=Turner
 |first4=Neville
 |init4=N
 |author4-link=J. Neville Turner
 |etal=no
 |title=Circumcision of Healthy Boys: Criminal Assault?
 |journal=J Law Med
 |location=
 |date=2000-01-01
 |volume=7
 |issue=
 |pages=301-310
 |url=https://pure.bond.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/26148474/Circumcision_of_healthy_boys.pdf
 |accessdate=2020-04-08
}}

* Dr. Arif Bhimji {2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Bhimji
 |first=Arif
 |init=A
 |author-link=Arif Bhimji
 |title=Infant Male Circumcision: A violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
 |journal=Health Care Law (Toronto) 
 |date=2000-01
 |volume=
 |issue=
 |pages=
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Canada/court1/
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

* {{REFjournal
 |last=Hafemeister
 |init=
 |author-link=
 |last2=Gulbrandsen, Jr.
 |init2=
 |author2-link=
 |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
 |title=The Fiduciary Obligation of Physicians to  
“Just Say No” if an “Informed” Patient Demands 
Services that Are Not Medically Indicated
 |journal=Seton Hall
 |date=2000-06-04
 |volume=
 |issue=
 |pages=
 |accessdate=2021-09-03
}}

* Giannetti (2000) argues that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Giannetti
 |first=Matthew
 |init=M
 |author-link=
 |title=Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in Trade Association Liability
 |journal=Iowa Law Rev
 |date=2000
 |volume=85
 |issue=4
 |pages=1507-68
 |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Gianetti-AAP-Misconduct-Trade-Assn-Iowa-Law-Rev-2000.pdf
 |accessdate=2020-05-09
}}

* Svoboda, Van Howe & Dwyer (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Svoboda
 |first=J. Steven
 |init=JS
 |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
 |last2=Van Howe
 |first2=Robert S.
 |init2=RS
 |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
 |last3=Dwyer
 |first3=James G.
 |init3=JG
 |author3-link=James G. Dwyer
 |etal=no
 |title=Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical and Legal Conundrum
 |journal=J Contemporary Health Law Policy
 |location=
 |date=2000-09
 |volume=17
 |issue=1
 |pages=61-133
 |url=https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1255&context=jchlp
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=11216345
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-05-09
}}

* Peter W. Edge (2000) discussed the impact of the Human Rights Act (1998) on the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the United Kingdom.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Edge
 |first=Peter W.
 |init=PW
 |author-link=
 |title=Male circumcision after the human rights act 1998
 |journal=J Civil Liberties
 |date=2000
 |volume=5
 |issue=
 |pages=320
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/edge1/
 |accessdate=2020-05-10
}}

=== 2001 ===
* J. Steven Svoboda (2001) discussed the limits of the law.
: {{REFbook
 |last=Svoboda
 |first=J. Steven
 |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
 |year=2001
 |title=Limits of the law: Comparitive analysis of legal and extralegal methods.
 |url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Limits-of-the-Law-Comparative-Analysis-of-Legal-and-Extralegal-Methods.pdf
 |work=Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
 |editor=George C. Denniston, Frederick M. Hodges, and Marilyn Fayre Milos
 |edition=
 |volume=
 |chapter=
 |pages=297-365
 |location=
 |publisher=Springer
 |isbn=978-1-4419-3375-1.
 |quote=
 |accessdate=2020-08-09
 |note=
}}

=== 2002 ===
* Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Miller
 |first=Geoffrey P.
 |init=GP
 |author-link=
 |title=Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis
 |journal=Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law.
 |date=2002-3
 |volume=9
 |issue=
 |pages=497-585
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/miller1/
 |accessdate=2020-07-29
}}

=== 2005 ===
* Suzanne Bouclin (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Bouclin
 |first=Suzanne
 |init=B
 |author-link=Suzanne Bouclin
 |title=An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context
 |journal=Int J Mens Health
 |date=2005-09
 |volume=4
 |issue=3
 |pages=205-22
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Canada/bouclin2005/
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

* Fox & Thomson (2005) criticise the British Medical Association guidance to doctors.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Fox
 |first=Marie
 |init=M
 |author-link=
 |last2=Thomson
 |init2=M
 |author2-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors
 |journal=J Med Ethics
 |location=
 |date=2005
 |volume=31
 |issue=8
 |pages=463-9
 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1734197/pdf/v031p00463.pdf
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=16076971
 |pubmedCID=1734197
 |DOI=10.1136/jme.2004.009340
 |accessdate=2020-05-10
}}
* Fox & Thomson (2005) discuss circumcision law.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Fox
 |init=M
 |author-link=
 |last2=Thomson
 |init2=M
 |author2-link=
 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/UKlaw/fox-ijcr-2006/
 |title=Short changed? The law and ethics of male circumcision.
 |journal=International Journal of Children's Rights
 |date=2005
 |volume=13
 |issue=
 |pages=161-181
 |accessdate=2021-06-11
}}

=== 2008 ===
* Doctors Opposing Circumcision included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 ''Genital Integrity Statement''. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing.
: {{REFbook
 |last=Hill
 |first=George
 |author-link=
 |year=2008
 |title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children 
 |url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/articles/ch-10-american-law-and-the-circumcision-of-children-doc-genital-integrity-statement/
 |work=Genital Integrity Policy
 |editor=
 |edition=
 |volume=
 |chapter=
 |pages=
 |location=Seattle
 |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
 |isbn=
 |quote=
 |accessdate=2020-05-14
 |note=
}}

* Professor [[Holm Putzke|Putzke]] (2008) points out that there is a criminal relevance of circumcising boys.
: {{REFdocument
 |url=http://www.holmputzke.de/images/stories/pdf/2008_putzke%20fs%20herzberg%20essay%20on%20circumcision.pdf
 |title=Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys, A Contribution to the Limitation of Consent in Cases of Care for the Person of the Child
 |first=Holm
 |last=Putzke
 |author-link=Holm Putzke
 |format=PDF
 |date=2008
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

===2009===

* {{REFjournal
 |last=Hafemeister
 |init=TL
 |author-link=
 |last2=Gulbrandsen, Jr.
 |init2=RM
 |author2-link=
 |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=shlr
 |title=The Fiduciary Obligation of Physicians to “Just Say No” if an “Informed” Patient Demands Services that Are Not Medically Indicated
 |journal=Seton Hall Law Review
 |date=2009-04-06
 |volume=39
 |issue=
 |pages=335
 |accessdate=2021-09-03
}}

=== 2011 ===
* David Llewellyn (2011) discussed strategies for litigation.
: {{REFweb
 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_19
 |archived=
 |title=Strategies for Litigation
 |trans-title=
 |language=English
 |last=Llewellyn
 |first=David
 |author-link=David J. Llewellyn
 |publisher=Springer
 |website=
 |date=2011
 |accessdate=2020-08-13
 |format=
 |quote=
}}

* Professor Peter W. Adler, J. D., (2011) argues that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcision.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Adler
 |first=Peter W.
 |init=PW
 |author-link=Peter W. Adler
 |title=It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision?
 |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine
 |date=2011
 |volume=19
 |issue=
 |pages=335-353
 |url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/is-it-lawful-to-use-medicaid-to-pay-for-circumcision.pdf
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 2012 ===
* The Tasmanian Law Reform Institute (2012) has made recommendations for reforms of Tasmanian law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors.
: {{REFdocument
 |title=Non-Therapeutic Male Circumcision
 |url=https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/302829/Non-Therapuetic-Circ_Final-Report-August-2012.pdf
 |last=Marshall
 |first=Warwick
 |author-link=
 |publisher=Tasmanian Law Reform Institute
 |location=Hobart
 |format=PDF
 |date=2012-08
 |accessdate=2020-05-09
}}

=== 2013 ===
* Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Adler
 |first=Peter W.
 |init=PW
 |author-link=Peter W. Adler
 |title=Is circumcision legal?
 |journal=Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest
 |date=2013
 |volume=16
 |issue=3
 |pages=439-86
 |url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jolpi
 |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}

=== 2016 ===
* Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of human rights.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=McLaughlin Jr
 |first=Paul Jerome
 |init=PJ
 |author-link=
 |title=Legal and Medical Ethical Entanglements of Infant Male Circumcision and International Law
 |journal= Journal of Medical Law and Ethics
 |date=2016-4
 |volume=4
 |issue=1
 |pages=23-38
 |url=https://commons.law.famu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=library-facpub
 |accessdate=2020-05-13
}}

=== 2017 ===
* Earp, Hendry, and Thomson (2017) discuss the case of ''B & G'' (2015).
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Earp
 |first=Brian
 |init=B
 |author-link=
 |last2=Hendry
 |first2=Jennifer
 |init2=J
 |author2-link=
 |last3=Thomson
 |first3=Michael
 |init3=M
 |author3-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Reason and paradox in medical and family law: Shaping children's bodies
 |journal=Medical Law Review
 |location=
 |date=2017
 |volume=
 |issue=
 |pages=
 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32675773/Reason_and_paradox_in_medical_and_family_law_shaping_childrens_bodies?auto=download&email_work_card=download-paper
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=10.1093/medlaw/fwx027
 |accessdate=2020-11-30
}}

* Professors Marie Fox and Michael Thomson discussed ''Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice''.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Fox
 |first=Marie
 |init=M
 |author-link=
 |last2=Thomson
 |first2=Michael
 |init2=M
 |author2-link=
 |etal=so
 |title=Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice
 |journal=Journal of Law and Society
 |location=
 |date=2017
 |volume=44
 |issue=4
 |pages=501-31
 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/122232/3/Fox_Thomson_Bod_Int_revised%206March17.pdf
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-09-08
}}

=== 2020 ===
* Professor Kai Möller discussed the legality of male and female circumcision in the light of the case of [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3| ''Re B and G (children) (No 2)'' [2015] EWFC 3]].
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Möller
 |first=Kai
 |init=K
 |author-link=
 |title=Male and Female Genital Cutting: Between the Best Interest of the Child and Genital Mutilation
 |journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
 |date=2020-06-26
 |volume=
 |issue=
 |pages=
 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ojls/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ojls/gqaa001/5862902
 |DOI=10.1093/ojls/gqaa001
 |accessdate=2020-09-08
}}

* Adler, Van Howe, Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.
: {{REFjournal
 |last=Adler
 |first=Peter W.
 |init=PW
 |author-link=Peter W. Adler
 |last2=Van Howe
 |first2=Robert S.
 |init2=RS
 |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
 |last3=Wisdom
 |first3=Travis
 |init3=T
 |author3-link=
 |last4=Daase
 |first4=Felix
 |init4=F
 |author4-link=
 |etal=no
 |title=Is circumcision a fraud?
 |journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy
 |location=
 |date=2020-11
 |volume=30
 |issue=1
 |pages=45-107
 |url=https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/JLPP/upload/Adler-et-al-final.pdf
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=
}}

* {{REFjournal
 |last=Adler
 |first=Peter W.
 |init=PW
 |author-link=Peter W. Adler
 |last2=Daase
 |first2=Felix
 |init2=F
 |author2-link=Felix Daase
 |etal=no
 |title=Actualié du débat sur la circoncision aux États-Unis: Is the Circumcision Debate Over?
 |journal=Droit et Cultures
 |location=
 |date=2020
 |volume=79
 |issue=1
 |pages=207-222
 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6276?lang=en
 |accessdate=2021-06-19
}}

==Briefs==

The two briefs indexed here were filed by [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of [[Boldt v. Boldt]], where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.

* {{REFdocument
 |title=Brief of Amicus Curiae, Doctors Opposing Circumcision, in Support of the Petition for Review
 |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-04_BoldtReviewBrief.pdf
 |contribution=
 |last=Geisheker
 |first=John V.
 |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
 |format=PDF
 |date=2007-04
 |accessdate=2020-05-10
}}
* {{REFdocument
 |title=Brief on the Merits of ''Amicus Curiae'', Doctors Opposing Circumcision
 |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-07-31_BoldtAmicusBriefMerits.pdf
 |contribution=
 |last=Geisheker
 |first=John
 |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
 |format=PDF
 |date=2007-07
 |accessdate=2020-05-10
}}</ref> 


==Video presentation==

London barrister [https://oldsquare.co.uk/people/james-chegwidden/ James Chegwidden] discusses the gradual progress of the English courts toward recognition of genital autonomy for boys.

* James Chegwidden.  [https://www.genitalautonomy.org/category/videos/ Not drowning, paddling: the English Court’s slow row towards genital autonomy]. Fourteenth International Symposium. Keele, England, Wednesday, 14 September 2016. 

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Human rights| International Human Rights Law]]

{{LINKS}}
This index at ARC includes papers on medical ethics.
* [https://www.arclaw.org/papers Published papers authored by Executive Director Steven Svoboda and other ARC associates]

Doctors Opposing Circumcision also maintains a list of legal commentaries.

* {{REFweb
 |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/legal/
 |title=Legal
 |last=
 |first=
 |author-link=
 |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
 |date=2016-07
 |accessdate=2020-05-09
 |format=
 |quote=
}}

For those who read the German language, Prof. Dr. Holm Putzke, LL. M., maintains a list of commentaries in German regarding religious (non-therapeutic) circumcision on his website:

* {{REFweb
 |url=http://www.holmputzke.de/index.php/kontrovers/religioese-beschneidung
 |archived=
 |title=Religiöse Beschneidung
 |trans-title=
 |language=Deutsche
 |last=Putzke
 |first=Holm
 |author-link=Holm Putzke
 |publisher=
 |website=holmputzke.de
 |date=
 |accessdate=2020-05-10
 |format=
 |quote=
}}


[[Category:Jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Legal comments]]
[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:Canada]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:UK]]
[[Category:USA]]