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==Medical science==
Medical science is highly advanced in India. There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the intact [[penis]].
* Satya Parkash (1972) discussed some of the functions of the [[foreskin]], some drawbacks to circumcision, and conditions for which [[circumcision]] should <i>not</i> be performed. Parkash described a new procedure for the plastic correction of [[phimosis]] which would save the foreskin.<ref name="parkash1972">{{REFjournal
|last=Parkash
|accessdate=2024-07-09
}}</ref>
* Agarwal et al. (2005) studied preputial retraction reviewed the medical literature about [[development of retractable foreskin]] in Indian boys. He advised "that circumcision should be avoided as far as possible".<ref name="agarwal2005">{{REFjournal
|last=Agarwal
|first=
Gupta, Mehta, & Gupta (2021), working in India, have described a new surgical technique to provide coverage of the [[glans penis]] at all times, including tumescent, for men who were involuntarily [[circumcised]] in childhood or who had a congenitally short prepuce ([[foreskin]]). The procedure has been performed on 46 patients with apparent complete success, although penetrating sexual performance has not been evaluated.<ref name="gupta2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Gupta
|first=Ritchie |init=R
|author-link=
|last2=Mehta
|first2=Sandeep |init2=S
|author2-link=
|last3=Gupta
|first3=Rajat |init3=R
|author3-link=
|etal=no
Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] prior to puberty.
Circumcision for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin ]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men.The Urological Society of India does not offer guidelines on the conservative treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb |url=https://usi.org.in/index.php |title=Urological Society of India |last= |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2024-07-06}}</ref> == Sources of information ==The website of the Sidri International Clinic in Delhi has a wealth of [[prepuce]] preserving information that may be of interest to [[intact]] males.<ref name="sidri2024">{{REFweb |url=https://sidriinternational.com/ |title=Sidri International Clinic |last= |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2024-07-07}}</ref>
== The prevalence of circumcision ==