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==Medical science==
Medical science is highly advanced in India. There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the intact [[penis]].
* Satya Parkash (1972) discussed some of the functions of the [[foreskin]], some drawbacks to circumcision, and conditions for which [[circumcision]] should <i>not</i> be performed. Parkash described a new procedure for the plastic correction of [[phimosis]] which would save the foreskin.<ref name="parkash1972">{{REFjournal
|last=Parkash
|accessdate=2024-07-09
}}</ref>
* Agarwal et al. (2005) studied preputial retraction reviewed the medical literature about [[development of retractable foreskin]] in Indian boys. He advised "that circumcision should be avoided as far as possible".<ref name="agarwal2005">{{REFjournal
|last=Agarwal
|first=
Gupta, Mehta, & Gupta (2021), working in India, have described a new surgical technique to provide coverage of the [[glans penis]] at all times, including tumescent, for men who were involuntarily [[circumcised]] in childhood or who had a congenitally short prepuce ([[foreskin]]). The procedure has been performed on 46 patients with apparent complete success, although penetrating sexual performance has not been evaluated.<ref name="gupta2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Gupta
|first=Ritchie |init=R
|author-link=
|last2=Mehta
|first2=Sandeep |init2=S
|author2-link=
|last3=Gupta
|first3=Rajat |init3=R
|author3-link=
|etal=no
Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in India.
Circumcision marks one as a probable member of the Muslim religious minority. Although male circumcision is not unlawful, it is not part of the culture or religion of most Indians. In fact, it is viewed with distaste or even horror by most Indians, especially since it is associated with Islamic practice. Sikhism prohibits cutting of the body and Jainism favors non-violence. Hindus, Sikhs, and others have no desire to appear to be Muslim. The vast majority (86.5%) of males are [[foreskinned]].
Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] prior to puberty.
Circumcision for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin ]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men.The Urological Society of India does not offer guidelines on the conservative treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb |url=https://usi.org.in/index.php |title=Urological Society of India |last= |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2024-07-06}}</ref> == Sources of information ==The website of the Sidri International Clinic in Delhi has a wealth of [[prepuce]] preserving information that may be of interest to [[intact]] males.<ref name="sidri2024">{{REFweb |url=https://sidriinternational.com/ |title=Sidri International Clinic |last= |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2024-07-07}}</ref>
== The prevalence of circumcision ==