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Pain
,→Traumatic effect of infant circumcision: Add text and citation.
===Traumatic effect of infant circumcision===
There is now substantial evidence that infant circumcision causes post traumatic stress disorder. All of the requirements are present. Memory starts to function before birth and continues to function in the newborn period.,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Hepper
|first=PG
|author-link=
|title=Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
|trans-title=
|language=English |journal=Acta Pædiatrica Supplement (Stockholm)
|location=
|date=1996-10 |volume=416
|issue=
|pages=16-20
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/hepper1/
|archived=
|pubmedID=8997443
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14272.x. |accessdate=2020-11-11}}</ref> and infants are now known to feel pain intensely,<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Anand |first=KJS |author-link= |last2=Hickey |first2=PR |author2-link= |etal=yes |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |trans-title= |language=English |journal=N Engl J Med |location= |date=1987-11-19 |volume=317 |issue=21 |pages=1321-9 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3317037 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=2020-11-11}}</ref> so all of the necessary requirements are present.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J |author-link= |last2=Goldman |first2=Ronald |author2-link= |last3=Svoboda |first3=J. Steven |author3-link= |last4=Fernandez |first4=Ephrem |author4-link= |etal=no |title=Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae |trans-title= |language=English |journal=J Health Psychol |location= |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=329-43 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle6/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=22114254 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1177/135910530200700310 |accessdate=2020-11-11
}}</ref>
Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.<ref name="taddio1997" />
</blockquote>
John Rhinehart, M. D., a clinical psychiatrist, reported finding numerous cases of PTSD in his adult male patients secondary to infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|first=John
|author-link=
|title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
|journal=Tranactional Analysis Journal
|date=1999-07
|volume=29
|issue=3
|pages=215-21
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
|accessdate=2020-11-11
}}</ref>
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