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Pain
,→History: Amend text.
}}</ref> Incredible as it may seem today, his idea was accepted without question and without being tested.
As a result, medical doctors performed all manners of invasive, painful procedures on neonates without anesthesia or analgesia, including millions upon millions of painful circumcisions and even open heart surgery. Open heart surgery was performed with curare to paralyze the infant but without any anesthesia, as well as millions and millions of painful circumcision operations.
This continued at least until 1987, when the American Academy of Pediatrics was forced to issue a CYA statement that called for the use of anesthesia.<ref>{{REFjournal