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# 1. Circumcision is a surgical amputation of functional tissue. The various functions cease to operate. If the patient does not like the results, it cannot be reversed or undone.<br># 2. Recovery from adolescent or adult circumcision is slow and painful. Erections are painful because the skin is stretched and the sutures are stressed. [[Wound dehiscence]] may occur.<br># 3. The [[foreskin]] is protective of the [[glans penis]]. After the foreskin is amputated, the glans penis is exposed so that it touches clothing and other things. Some men report this causes extreme pain so that they cannot wear pants for an extended time. The pain subsides when the glans penis starts to build a layer of keratin to protect itself. The [[keratinization]] of the glans penis causes loss of sensation in the glans.<br># 4. The foreskin has [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] that protect from disease. Circumcised populations have a higher incidence of [[Circumcision and HIV| HIV]] than intact populations.<ref name="denniston2020">{{REFdocument

<br># 5. The heavily innervated [[ridged band]] is located on the foreskin and is always amputated along with the foreskin. The most sensitive regions in the intact penis are those parts ablated by circumcision.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> There is great loss of sensation caused by the amputation of this structure. It appears that many intact males are unaware of the source of sensation and are shocked by the loss of sensation after circumcision.<br># 6. The abundance of skin in the foreskin allows [[gliding action]]. Gliding action facilitates [[masturbation]] and [[vagina| intercourse]]. The shortening of penile skin reduces or eliminates gliding action. The loss of gliding action may cause [[dyspareunia]].<br># 7. Painful erections may occur due to lack of sufficient skin to allow for expansion of the penis.<br>8. There always will be a [[circumcision scar]] that encircles the shaft of the penis.<br>