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normalize et al. (AMA)
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Carael ''et al''. (1988) studied HIV transmission among heterosexual couples in Central Africa. No difference was found between couples in which the male was circumcised and in which the male was intact.<ref name="carael1988">{{REFjournal
|last=Carael
|init=M
</ref>
Thomas ''et al''. (2004) studied the incidence of HIV in circumcision and intact men in a United States Navy population. A slightly higher incidence of HIV infection was found in circumcised men (84.9%) as compared with intact men (81.8%). The authors concluded:
<blockquote>
Although there may be other medical or cultural reasons for male circumcision, it is not associated with HIV or STI prevention in this U.S. military population.<ref name="thomas2004">Thomas AG, Bakhireva LN, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA. [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46054655/ADA458066.pdf?1464571918=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPrevalence_of_Circumcision_and_its_Assoc.pdf&Expires=1593715109&Signature=ecYcK3EIbcr0P3pgaGC2RSoSXWb0mT3mKrLQo6yXtUiHonZhCiagfa5DJbxOdLxpqwIeTbWwp8QRyqrwCimTRy714YpPPkCAwW6-v2UpRxDqz8FZK~i3pgk3rGNYPPDtxkWqupx65eMlaBvA~wt9rx6gPpoMafrL7WzN1-zre14bHSzXrvZWvsICVWC9lnVKY0qD93gpEnaT42DBNulBMg~nTWSy9ON4jR5tjW9m04ziBsbcrHkrMe9JCaJZWsrmL4AbIrg0OyXHM5DAozRQJv0zyqwHRXqGylD~YrY4aHf~ZlrLpxdsMMkIO7qCTTamGpQz853rGgDYfkfZeD8Mkw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Prevalence of male circumcision and its association with HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a U.S. Navy population]. Abstract no. TuPeC4861. Presented at the XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 11-16, 2004.</ref>
=====South Africa=====
Rosenberg ''et al''. (2018) report that circumcised men in South Africa are more likely to be HIV infected than intact men.<ref name="Rosenberg2018">{{REFjournal
|last=Rosenberg
|first=Molly S.
== Follow-up studies ==
Using a population-based survey, Westercamp ''et al''. (2010) examined the behaviors, beliefs, and HIV/HSV-2 serostatus of men and women in the traditionally non-circumcising community of Kisumu, Kenya prior to establishment of voluntary medical male circumcision services. A total of 749 men and 906 women participated. Circumcision status was not associated with HIV/HSV-2 infection nor increased high risk sexual behaviors. In males, preference for being or becoming circumcised was associated with inconsistent condom use and increased lifetime number of sexual partners. Preference for circumcision was increased with the belief that circumcised men are less likely to become infected with HIV.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Westercamp
|init=M
|first=V.
|author-link=
|coauthors=Anema A., Wood R., ''et al.''
|coauthors-link=
|title=The combined impact of male circumcision, condom use and HAART coverage on the HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: a mathematical model
|issue=7331
|page=235
}}</ref> Gisselquist ''et al''. argue strongly that statistical evidence indicates that 5/6s of the HIV infection in Africa is non-sexual.<ref name=”gisselquist2003”>{{REFjournal
|last=Gisselquist
|init=D
}}</ref>
Fish ''et al''. (2020), speaking for the [[VMMC Experience Project]], published an article that described the PEPFAR program to circumcise African men, as racist and neo-colonialist.<ref name="fish2020">{{REFjournal
|last=Fish
|first=Max