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Pain
,→Traumatic effect of infant circumcision: Add information on "inescapable shock".
===Traumatic effect of infant circumcision===
When an infant boy is to be circumcised, it is the usual practice to immobilize the infant for the painful surgery by securely tying his limbs to a molded plastic board specially made for that purpose. The infant thus is preventing from fighting or fleeing, which is the trauma-producing situation of ''inescapable shock'', described as a "physical condition in which the organism cannot do anything to affect the inevitable."<ref name="vanderkolk2014">{{REFbook
|last=van der Kolk
|first=Bessel
|year=2014
|title=The Body Keeps the Score
|url=
|pages=76
|isbn=978-0-14-312774-1
|accessdate=2021-08-10
}}</ref>
There is now substantial evidence that the extreme pain of infant circumcision causes [[Posttraumatic stress disorder| post traumatic stress disorder]] ̪(PTSD). Preverbal memory starts to function before birth and continues to function in the newborn period,<ref>{{REFjournal