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→Late twentieth century
Infant circumcision traditionally had been carried out without any kind of anesthesia or analgesia because of the false belief that infants could not feel pain. Researchers started to investigate the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]] in the 1970s.
David Grimes, M.D. (1978), recognized the increasing controversy regarding the practice of non-therapeutic infant circumcision.Grimes discussed several concerns including: * Irrational patient selection.* Lack of information prior to consent.* Pain and anesthesia management.* Improper surgical objectives.* Lack of cost-effectiveness.<ref name="grimes1978">{{REFjournal |last=Grimes |first=David |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Routine circumcision of the newborn: a reappraisal |trans-title= |language= |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |location= |date=1978-01-15 |volume=130 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=125-9 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/grimes/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=413435 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1016/0002-9378(78)90353-8 |accessdate=2021-10-05}}</ref> Grimes concluded:<blockquote> However, until the benefits of routine circumcision of the neonate can be proved worth the risk and cost, medical resources probably should be allocated to measures of demonstrated value.<ref name="grimes1978" /></blockquote>