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===Early twentieth century===
Ernest G. Mark (1901) notes noted that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" [[Ridged band| inner lining]] of the [[foreskin]] may encourage a child to [[Masturbation| masturbate]], which is why he recommends recommended circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ".<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Mark
|first=Ernest G.
|pages=333-4
|accessdate=2021-10-04
}}</ref><ref name="reruben1917ruben1917">{{REFjournal
|last=Reuben
|init=MS
<b>World War II.</b> America entered the war after the Empire of Japan attached the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 7 December 1941. This was followed by Germany declaring war on the United States.
The information on military circumcision in WWII is sketchy and anecdotal. It appears that many [[foreskinned]] American men were encouraged and, in some cases, forced to be circumcised. It appears seems that the American military's foreskin-phobia and circumcision policy persisted through the Korean War (1950-52) but was discontinued by a change in policy thereafter.
The "Sand Myth" circulated among English-speaking armies. According to the Sand Myth, foreskinned men who fought in the Saharan desert had medical issues due to sand collecting under the [[foreskin]]. [[Intact]] Italian and German men who fought in the same desert had no such problems.<ref>{{REFjournal
Laumann et al. (1997) reported an incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys of 85 percent in 1948.<ref name="laumann1997" />
The publication of a landmark article by [[Douglas Gairdner]](1949) in the [[United Kingdom]] showing that infant circumcision is non-therapeutic , unnecessary, causes deaths, and unnecessary that which called for preservation of the foreskin<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> was totally ignored by the circumcision industry in the United States.
===Late twentieth century===