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→Early twentieth century
Laumann et al. (1997) reported an incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys of 85 percent in 1948.<ref name="laumann1997" />
The publication of a landmark article by [[Douglas Gairdner]](1949) in the [[United Kingdom]] showing that infant circumcision is non-therapeutic, unnecessary, causes deaths, and which called for preservation of the foreskin<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> was totally ignored by the circumcision industry in the United States.
===Late twentieth century===