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|url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Limits-of-the-Law-Comparative-Analysis-of-Legal-and-Extralegal-Methods.pdf
|work=Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
|editor=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], and [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]]
|edition=
|volume=
|last=Hill
|first=George
|author-link=George Hill
|year=2008
|title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children
|last=Hill
|first=George
|author-link=George Hill
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|format=PDF
[[Georganne Chapin]] founded [[Intact America]] in 2008.
The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with HIV. The American Academy of Pediatrics consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the medical trade associations that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic amputation). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against HIV infection. The AAP was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]],,M.D., M.P.H., was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012.
Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], J. D., (2011) argued that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="adler2011" />
The AAP, lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published its statement in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''.
Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argued that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournal
|first4=Felix
|init4=F
|author4-link=Felix Daase
|etal=no
|title=Is circumcision a fraud?