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→Late twentieth century: Revise Medicaid text.
[[Ernest L. Wynder]] (1954) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer in women.<ref name="wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>
The Congress of the United States created the [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid program ] in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the medical expenses of low-income Americans. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births in the United States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in most 32 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do so.<ref name="adler2011">{{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
</blockquote>
The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, but it did not sit well with the membership of the AAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to fit the desires of the membership , which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="aap1975">{{REFjournal
|last=Thompson
|first=
Infant circumcision traditionally had been carried out without any kind of anesthesia or analgesia because of the false belief that infants could not feel pain. Researchers started to investigate the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]] in the 1970s.
The American Cancer Society estimated that there are about 460 deaths per year in the United States from penile cancer.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
|title=Key Statistics for Penile Cancer
|last=
|first=
|date=2021-01-12
|accessdate=2021-10-17
}}</ref> Sidney S. Gellis, M.D. (1978) estimated that the number of deaths from infant circumcision exceeded the number of deaths from penile cancer.<ref name="gellis1978">{{REFjournal
|last=Gellis
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Am J Dis Child
|location=
|date=1978-12
|volume=132
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1168-9
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/gellis1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=717329
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120370016003
|accessdate=2021-10-17
}}</ref>
David Grimes, {{MD}}, (1978), recognized the increasing controversy regarding the practice of non-therapeutic infant circumcision. Grimes discussed several concerns including: