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→Early twenty-first century: Add text and citation.
[[Georganne Chapin]] founded [[Intact America]] in 2008.
Van Howe & Svoboda (2008) said of the American practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic infant circumcision:
<blockquote>
Once all factors are revealed, it
is impossible to consider circumcision a minor issue,
but rather circumcision comes to symbolize one of the
greatest ongoing systemic ethical violations for which
modern medicine has been responsible.<ref name="vanhowe2008">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|first=Robert S
|init=
|author-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last2=Svoboda
|first2=J. Steven
|init2=
|author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|etal=no
|title=Neonatal pain relief and the Helsinki Declaration
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics
|location=
|date=2008-12
|volume=36
|issue=4
|article=
|page=
|pages=803-23
|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/33981944/27_Van_Howe.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=19094008
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.1748-720X.2008.00339.x
|accessdate=2021-10-31
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with HIV. The American Academy of Pediatrics consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the medical trade associations that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic amputation). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against HIV infection. The AAP was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017.