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→Canada and circumcision in the 21st century
* The long-term trend in the incidence of circumcision in Canada is down.
* The health insurance plans (HIPs) do not support non-therapeutic circumcision.
* The ratio of intact fathers to circumcised fathers is changing toward more intact fathers and fewer circumcised fathers. Boys who were born after the decline in circumcision started and who are intact are now reaching the age at which they start families and become fathers. Intact men usually do not want any son to be circumcised, so they will usually not have a son circumcised.<ref name="rediger-muller2013" /> This will cause a further decline in the incidence of circumcision.
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* Most hospitals do not provide non-therapeutic circumcision, however [https://www.wrh.on.ca/ Windsor Regional Hospital] is an exception to the general rule. Windsor Regional Hospital still promotes medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] to parents of normal, healthy male infants in apparent violation of the infants' [https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/check/art7.html Section 7 rights]. The hospital is reported to circumcise 51 percent of boys born in the hospital. This is far higher than the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision elsewhere in Ontario and Canada.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Circumcisions spark debate
|url=http://www.cirp.org/news/windsorstar03-19-05/
|date=2005-03-19
|accessdate=2021-07-22
|quote=Dr. Tony Hammer, a Windsor family doctor, said his colleagues may be performing the medically unnecessary procedure simply to make a buck. <b>…</b> There is a financial incentive for physicians, and I wonder if they are fully informing their patients of a lack of medical need,.
}}</ref>
|init5=LH
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Are Physicians Performing Neonatal Circumcisions Well Trained?
}}</ref></blockquote>
As of 20192021, [[third-party payment]] for non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] has not been available anywwhere anywhere in Canada since 2006. Moreover, non-therapeutic circumcision is not done in most hospitals,<ref name="jamesloewen2019" /> so parents who want to have a boy circumcised must take the boy to the surgery of a practitioner who specializes in non-therapeutic male circumcision, and furthermore must pay out of pocket. For example, the cost of circumcision of a newborn boy in New Brunswick is C$425 ranging up to C$1500 for a teenager or adult.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://gentleproceduresnb.ca/circumcision/cost-how-much/
|title=Circumcision Pricing & Insurance Coverage
}}</ref>
The prevalence of circumcision is higher among older males, but lower among younger males. As older, mostly circumcised males die and are replaced in the population by younger, mostly intact males, the overall prevalence of circumcised men in Canada is gradually declining. Intact males usually do not want any son to be circumcised,<ref name="brown-brown1987" /> <ref name="rediger-muller2013" /> so the demand for circumcision in Canada is declining.
Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal