Difference between revisions of "Infection"

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Revision as of 01:50, 12 January 2022

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Infection is invasion of the body by organisms (pathogens) that have the potential to cause disease. The pathogen may be bacterial, fungal, or viral.[1]

Circumcision infection

Circumcision is a surgical operation and amputation that creates an open surgical wound on the penis. The open wound does not heal immediately. For a period of time during and after the surgery it is subject to invasion by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens.[2]

Maternity hospitals gather together newborn infants into a hospital nursery where they are cared for, which increases the risk of passing infection from one to the others. If an infant is compromised by an open surgical wound, then that infant is more likely to become infected. Male infants in America, where non-therapeutic infant circumcision is popular, are more likely to be infected than female infants. Staphylococcus is a common infection and is worse when a methicillin resistant strain (MRSA) is involved. Thompson et al. (1966) reported a higher risk of staphylococcus infection in newborn circumcised males.[3] Nelson et al. (1976) reported a prolonged case of hospital nursery infection in which the pathogen was streptococcus.[4]

In cases of adult circumcision, erections may cause wound dehiscence (splitting open of the surgical wound) thereby increasing the risk of infection.[5]

Case reports

Rosenstein (1941) reported a case of diphtheria infection in the circumcision wound of a three-year-old child who died on the eighth day after surgery.[6]

Sauer (1943) reported a case of staphylococcus bronchopneumonia following infant circumcision in which death occurred on the 18th day of life.[7]

Kirkpatrick & Eitzman (1974) reported two cases of septicemia (infection in the blood) after non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision in which the patients almost died.[8]

Woodside (1980) reported the case of an infant boy who was circumcised with the Plasticbell device. He developed necrotizing fasciitis after his non-therapeutic circumcision. His treatment require extensive debridgment of tissue. The boy apparently survived.[9]

Ritual circumcision

Professor L. Emmett Holt (1913) reported 41 cases of tuberculosis in ritually circumcised boys who had been infected by tubercular mohels, of whom 16 had died at the time of writing.[10]

More recently, cases of infection of baby boys with herpes simplex have been reported. One death and brain damage in another has occurred.[11]

Ritual circumcision is a cause of urinary tract infection (UTI).[12][13][14][15]

References

  1. ↑ REFweb (2012). Infection, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Williams N, Kapilla, Leela. Complications of circumcision. Brit J Surg. October 1993; 80(10): 1231-6. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Thompson DJ, Gezon HM, Rogers KD, Yee RB, Hatch TF. Excess risk of staphylococcus infection and disease in newborn males.. Am J Epidemiol. September 1966; 84(2): 314-28. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Nelson, JD, Dillon, Jr. HC, Howard, JB. A prolonged nursery epidemic associated with a newly recognized type of group A streptococcus. J Pediatr. November 1976; 89(5): 792-6. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Kaplan GW. Complications of circumcision. Urol Clin N Amer. 1983; 10(08): 543-9. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Rosenstein JL. Wound diphtheria in the newborn infant following circumcision: report of a case. J Pediatr. 1941; 18: 657-8. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  7. ↑ REFjournal Sauer LW. Fatal staphylococcus bronchopneumonia following ritual circumcision. Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 1943; 46: 583. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  8. ↑ REFjournal Kirkpatrick BV, Eitzman DV. Neonatal septicemia after circumcision. Clin Pediatr. September 1974; 19(9): 767-8. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  9. ↑ REFjournal Woodside, Jeffrey R.. Necrotizing fasciitis after neonatal circumcision. Am J Dis Child. March 1980; 134(3): 301-2. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  10. ↑ REFjournal Holt LE. Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision. JAMA. 1913; LXI(2): 99-102. Retrieved January 2022.
  11. ↑ REFdocument Frieden, Thomas: An open letter to the Jewish Community from the New York City Health Commissioner PDF, City of New York. (13 December 2005). Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  12. ↑ REFjournal Smith RM. Recent contributions to the study of pyelitis in infancy. Am J Dis Child. 1916; XII: 235.243.
  13. ↑ REFjournal Cohen H, et al. Postcircumcision Urinary Tract Infection. Clinical Pediatrics. 1992; : 322-324.
  14. ↑ REFjournal Goldman M, Barr J, Bistritzer T, Aladjem M. Urinary tract infection following ritual jewish circumcision. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 1996; 32(11): 1098-1102.
  15. ↑ REFjournal Prais D, Shoov-Furman R, Amir J. Is circumcision a risk factor for neonatal urinary tract infections?. Arch Dis Child. 6 October 2008; DOI.
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