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Pain
,→Traumatic effect of infant circumcision: Wikify.
===Traumatic effect of infant circumcision===
When an infant boy is to be [[circumcised]], it is the usual practice to immobilize the infant for the painful surgery by securely tying his limbs to a molded plastic board specially made for that purpose. The infant thus is preventing from fighting or fleeing, which is the trauma-producing situation of ''inescapable [[shock]]'', described as a "physical condition in which the organism cannot do anything to affect the inevitable."<ref name="vanderkolk2014">{{REFbook
|last=van der Kolk
|first=Bessel
}}</ref>
Taddio & colleagues (1995)(1997) studied the effect of neonatal [[circumcision ]] on the behavior of boys after surgery and at the time of vaccination. It was found that [[circumcised ]] boys had a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with [[intact ]] boys,<ref name="taddio"1995">{{REFjournal
|last=Taddio
|init=A
}}
John Rhinehart, {{MD}}, (1999) , a clinical psychiatrist, reported finding numerous cases of [[PTSD ]] in his adult male patients pursuant to infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J