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→Trauma of circumcision: Wikify.
==Trauma of circumcision==
Bollinger & Chapin (1999) document documented the extremely painful and traumatic nature of infant circumcision.<ref name="bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
|title=Child Genital Cutting as an Adverse Childhood Experience
|trans-title=
}}</ref>
Taddio et al. (1995) (1997) studied the behavior of [[circumcised ]] boys in comparison to the behavior of [[intact ]] boys at the time of routine vaccination. Taddio et al. (1995) reported:
<blockquote>
Male circumcision is the most common neonatal surgical procedure. It causes intense pain and measurable changes in behaviour that last up to 1 day. We found that circumcision status was associated with increased infant pain response to routine vaccination at 4-6 months. Circumcised boys had significantly longer crying bouts and higher pain scores. That both outcome measures, pain index, and cry duration, were influenced by circumcision lends credibility to our observations. During the second (HIB) vaccination, circumcision status was more clearly associated with the observed pain response than after DPT. The DPT injection might have had a priming effect in circumcised infants which led them to exhibit even more pain after the HIB injection. The effects of memory and reinforcement on later nocioceptive experience in neonates are not known. Because memory of pain is believed to be important in subsequent pain perception, and the main structures for memory are functional in the neonatal period, it is conceivable that pain from circumcision may have long-lasting effects on pain response and/or perception.<ref name="taddio1995">{{REFjournal
</blockquote>
Taddio et al. (1997) followed with a larger second study in which [[circumcised ]] boys were compared with [[intact]] boys at time of vaccination four to six months after birth. Three measures to determine [[pain ]] were used. Once again [[circumcised ]] boys showed greater response to the pain of vaccination than [[intact ]] boys.
Taddio et al. reasoned that:
}}</ref>
Male circumcision is part of the culture of the Philippine Islands. Boys usually are not neonatally circumcised. Instead, [[Tuli| circumcision]] is done when they are somewhat older. Some are medically circumcised while others are [[circumcised ]] in a traditional manner. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision ]] on Philippine boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically circumcised boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
|last=Ramos
|first=Samuel