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{{FromIntactWiki
|Title=Intactivism
| title=What is Intactivism?
| url=
| accessdate=2018-11-01}}</ref>
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision_controversies#Modern_debates
| pages=5-23
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/gollaher/
| accessdate=2018-11-01
}}</ref>
Circumcision of the male, infibulation of the male foreskin, castration, clitoridectomy, circumcision proper of the female (removal or reduction of the clitoral hood), removal of the nymphae (labia minora), application of irritants to the genitals, enemas, hysterectomies. The purpose was to reduce excessive sexual desire and its manifestations, such as masturbation, which were suspected to be the cause of many diseases.
| pages=1433-7
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/gairdner/
| accessdate=2018-11-01
}}</ref>. Ironically, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States kept growing, with rare opposition.