Changes

'''HIV''' is an acronym initialism that stands for ''human immunodeficiency virus''. It also is considered to be an ''initalism''.

HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Persons who are infected with HIV frequently exhibit ''autoimmune deficiency syndrome'', better known by its own acronym ''[[AIDS]]''.

Despite the known [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] of the [[foreskin]], Certain certain [[:Category:Promoter|promoters of male circumcision ]] attempted to link HIV infection to lack of [[circumcision]]. [[HIV trials in Africa|Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) ]] were carried out in Africa in an attempt to prove their hypothesis. Boyle & Hill (2011) however studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>

Green et al. (2008), in a preliminary report, published a long list of methodological issues with the RCTs.<ref name="green2008">{{REFjournal |last=Green |first=Lawrence W. |init=LW |author-link= |last2=McAllister |first2=Ryan S. |init2=RS |author2-link=Ryan McAllister |last3=Peterson |first3=Kent W. |init3=KW |author3-link= |last4=Travis |first4=John W. |init4=JW |author4-link=John W. Travis |etal=no |title=Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for! |trans-title= |language= |journal=Future HIV Therapy |location= |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=3 |article= |page= |pages=193-9 |url=http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/17469600.2.3.193 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.2217/17469600.2.3.193 |accessdate=2021-11-29}}</ref> [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref> [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe ]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle ]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal

==Population-based studies=={{Population-based studies}} ==Two African surveys==The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa. French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.

September 2021 saw In his first report, Garenne presented the publication findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies, the effect of two huge population studies circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the relationship amount of circumcision effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=Garenne |first=Michel |init=M |author-link=Michel Garenne |title=Changing relationships between HIV infectionprevalence and circumcision in Lesotho |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/ |date=2022-04-04 |journal=J Biosoc Sci |volume=online ahead of print |pages=1-16 |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=35373731 |accessdate=2022-10-28}}</ref> </blockquote>

Mayan et al. In his second report, Garenne (20212022) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontariopresented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, [[Canada]] (569Malawi,950 males)Namibia, of whom 203Zambia,588 (35Zimbabwe).7%) were He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised between 1991 ]] and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="mayan2021garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=MayanGarenne |first=MadhurMichael |init=M

|title=Circumcision Age-incidence and Risk prevalence of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canadaamong intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa

|journal=J UrolBiosoc Sci

|date=20212022-0910-2326 |season=

|pages=1-13 |url=https://www.auajournalscambridge.org/doicore/pdfjournals/10.1097journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/JU.0000000000002234 |archived= |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk ageincidence-and-prevalence-of acquiring HIV -hiv-among men from Ontario, Canada. |pubmedID=34551593 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234 |accessdate=2021-10intact-02}}</ref> [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that -circumcised -men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal |last=Frisch |first=Morten |init= |author-link=Morten Frisch |last2=Simonsen |first2=Jacob |init2= |author2an-link= |etal=no |title=Nonanalysis-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark |trans-title= |language= |journal=Eur J Epidemiol |location= |date=2021-09phia-26 |volume=Published online ahead of print |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654surveys-021in-00809southern-6africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50

|pubmedID=3456479636286328

|DOI=10.10071017/s10654-021-00809-6S0021932022000414 |accessdate=20212022-10-2027}}</ref></blockquote>{{SEEALSO}}No association between circumcision status * [[Circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found.]]