Changes

==Population-based studies=={{Population-based studies}}

September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population ==Two African surveys==The previously reported studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.

# Mayan et alFrench scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the male population incidence of the province of Ontario, HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[Canadaintact]] (569men. In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho,950 males)the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies, the effect of whom 203circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant,588 (35with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.7%) were circumcised <ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=Garenne |first=Michel |init=M |author-link=Michel Garenne |title=Changing relationships between 1991 HIV prevalence and 2017circumcision in Lesotho |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm. The study concluded nih.gov/35373731/ |date=2022-04-04 |journal=J Biosoc Sci |volume=online ahead of print |pages=1-16 |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=35373731 |accessdate=2022-10-28}}</ref> </blockquote>  In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that circumcision status is not related to risk [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="mayan2021garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=MayanGarenne |first=MadhurMichael

|title=Circumcision Age-incidence and Risk prevalence of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canadaamong intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa |trans-title= |language= |journal=J UrolBiosoc Sci |location= |date=20212022-10-0926 |season= |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages=1-2313 |url=https://www.auajournalscambridge.org/doicore/pdfjournals/10.1097journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/JU.0000000000002234CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 |archived= |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada. |pubmedID=3455159336286328 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.10971017/JU.0000000000002234S0021932022000414 |accessdate=20212022-10-0227}}</ref># [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</refblockquote> No association between circumcision status and risk of HIV infection was found.