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==History==
The Philippine Islands were once governed from India. The Sultanate of Maguindanao introduced [[Islam]] into Mindanao in the 15th century. Thereafter Islam spread through the Philippines. Circumcision (''khitan'') is a religiously founded tradition in [[Islam]], so it was introduced into the Philippine culture.
Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippine Islands for Spain in 1521. Spain's control of the Philippines lasted until the Spanish-American war of 1898. Roman Catholicism was introduced into the Philippines during the Spanish rule. Christians recognized the harmful and abusive nature of circumcision at the [[Council at Jerusalem]] in 49 A. D. and rejected the practice as unnecessary for Christians. The Roman Catholic Church further repudiated the practice by the ''Bull of Union with the Copts '' in 1492.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/cultural/councilflorence/
|title=Bull of Union with the Copts
==Psychological issues==
Tuli was introduced into the Philippine Islands hundreds of years ago, when the Islands were controlled by Muslims. Every since adult [[circumcised]] men have reenacted their own [[trauma]] on boys as reported by Vanderkolk.<ref name="vanderkolk1989">{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref>
Boyle & Ramos (2019) studied boys in the Philippine Islands who had undergone medical circumcision and others who had suffered the traditional "''tuli''" circumcision. Of the boys who had a medical circumcision, 51 percent exhibited symptoms of [[PTSD]]. Of the boys who had a ''tuli'' circumcision, 69 percent exhibited symptoms of PTSD.<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook |last=Ramos |first=Samuel |init=S |author-link= |last2=Boyle |first2=Gregory J. |init2=GJ |author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle |year=2001 |title=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300649237_Ritual_and_Medical_Circumcision_among_Filipino_Boys |work=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem |editor=Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos M |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages=253-70 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2022-11-05 |note=}}</ref> <ref name="ramos2019">{{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J.
|last2=Ramos
|first2=Samuel
|init2=SShttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/300649237_Ritual_and_Medical_Circumcision_among_Filipino_Boys
|author2-link=
|etal=no
* [[Foreskin restoration]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Posttraumatic Post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Supot by Phil Giordano]]
* [[Supot - film]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|date=2018-03-31
|accessdate=2021-05-23
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Philippines.html
|title=Pagtutuli: Circumcision in the Philippines.
|last=
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Circumstitions
|date=
|accessdate=2023-07-02
}}
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Film about circumcision and intactivism]]
[[Category:Trauma]]
[[Category:Philippines]]