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===Other risks===
[[Phimosis]] has been implicated as a risk factor in sexually active males, because a non-retractile [[foreskin]] may result in poor hygiene, and because men with [[phimosis]] are at higher risk for lichen sclerosus (also known as [[balanitis xerotica obliterans]]), which may also be a risk factor.<ref name="Rickwood">{{REFjournal
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080513042221/http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/321/7264/792
|REM=http://web.archive.org/web/20080513042221/http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/321/7264/792#110919
|archived=yes
|title=Rapid Responses for Rickwood et al.
|last=Various authors
|first=
|journal=BMJ
|volume=321
|issue=7264
|pages=792-3
|accessdate=2022-03-13
}}</ref> Adult males with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] who are sexually active may want to have the phimotic condition corrected. (For conservative treatment options, see [[phimosis]].)
→Other risks
|volume=85
|pages=19-24
|pubmedID=8380060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> Their study also shows that the rate of penile cancer among men [[circumcised]] neonatally has risen in the United States relative to the rise in the rate of neonatal circumcision.
|pages=92-97
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=10.1001/jama.1914.02560270008003
|accessdate=2023-09-06
}}</ref> epilepsy, paralysis, and [[masturbation]].<ref>{{Wolbarst1932}}</ref> No laboratory or clinical research had been done on the subject at the time, however Wolbarst's myth found its way into early medical textbooks regardless. Although the smegma hypothesis was completely disproven by an exhaustive study by Reddy in 1963,<ref name="reddy1963">{{REFjournal
|volume=32
|pages=15-21
|pubmedID=2991988
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kaufman
|volume=3
|pages=678-692
|pubmedID=3019599
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=McCance
|volume=37
|pages=55-59
|pubmedID=3000954
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910370110
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Villa
|issue=6
|pages=853-5
|pubmedID=3000954
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=McCance
|issue=823
|pages=195-206
|pubmedID=3011085
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/0304-419x(86)90002-8
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Barrasso
|issue=15
|pages=916-23
|pubmedID=3041217
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref> [[Ronald L. Poland| Poland]] identified human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as the cause of penile and cervical cancers in 1990, and that they could be spread by sexual contact.<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal
|last=Poland
|volume=322
|pages=1312-5
|pubmedID=2183058
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> At least one study suggests that [[circumcised]] men are at higher risk for HPV infection,<ref name="cook1993">{{REFjournal
|last=Cook
|volume=69
|pages=262-4
|pubmedID=7721284 |pubmedCID=1195083 |DOI=10.1136/sti.69.4.262 |doi= |accessdate=2023-09-07 }}</ref> making being [[circumcised]] a risk factor.
===Use of tobacco===
|issue=6609
|pages=1306-8
|pubmedID=3120988 |pubmedCID=1248379 |DOI=10.1136/bmj.295.6609.1306 |doi= |accessdate=2023-09-08}}</ref>The use of tobacco has since been a well established risk factor in cancer of the penis.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Harish
|init=K
|issue=3
|pages=375-377
|pubmedID=7735804
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07352.x
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rogus
|issue=4
|pages=861-2
|pubmedID=3656549
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43402-1
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Maden
|date=1993-01-06
|pages=19-24
|pubmedID=8380060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref>
|issue=2
|pages=199-203
|pubmedID=2547727
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910440202
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref>
===Circumcision as a risk factor===
Bissada et al. (1986) report reported cancer forms on the [[circumcision scar]].<ref name="bissada1986">{{REFjournal
|last=Bissada
|init=NK
|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45614-x
|accessdate=2020-02-10
}}</ref> The [[circumcision scar]] may provide an entry point for HIV. [[Circumcision may ]] should now be considered a risk factor for penile cancer. ===Other risks===[[Phimosis]] has been implicated as a risk factor in sexually active males, because a non-retractile [[foreskin]] may result in poor hygiene, and because men with [[phimosis]] are at higher risk for lichen sclerosus (also known as [[balanitis xerotica obliterans]]), which may also be a risk factor.<ref name="Rickwood">{{REFjournal |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080513042221/http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/321/7264/792 |REM=http://web.archive.org/web/20080513042221/http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/321/7264/792#110919 |archived=yes |title=Rapid Responses for Rickwood et al. |last=Various authors |first= |journal=BMJ |volume=321 |issue=7264 |pages=792-3|pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |doi= |accessdate=2022-03-13}}</ref> Adult males with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] who are sexually active may want to have the phimotic condition corrected. (For conservative treatment options, see [[phimosis]].)
== Symptoms ==