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Most living Germans had not yet been born, so they cannot have any personal responsibility for the Holocaust, nevertheless the collective grief continues to be felt and it influences governmental behavior.
When Germany's Basic Law (''Grundgesetz'') was drafted in 1949' , the collective guilt appeared to be at work in the authors since the Basic Law was given a very strong human rights suite to offer protection against another Holocaust.
Germany has long given military aid to Israel in expiation of its felt collective guilt.<ref>{{REFweb
}}</ref>
== The Cologne case and its consequences ==
The [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] by the Cologne regional court ([https://www.lg-koeln.nrw.de/ Landgericht Köln])' in which the court rightfully decided that a [[circumcision]] of a four-year-old boy of Muslim boy parents was a violation of the [[human rights ]] provisions of the [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html Basic Law] (''Grundgesetz''), threatened to make all future non-therapeutic circumcisions of boys unlawful, unleashed overwhelming criticism by Muslims and Jews in Germany,<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Muslim and Jewish groups denounce German circumcision ruling
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18807040
}}</ref> who sought to deny to boys the protections enacted by those guilt-feeling individuals who wanted to prevent a future recurrence of a Holocaust.
The Israeli Knesset chose to inject itself into German internal affairs and demanded that Germany pass a law to protect [[Brit Milah| circumcision]],<ref>{{REFnews
|title='Germany must pass law to protect circumcision
|url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Germany-must-pass-law-to-protect-circumcision
|accessdate=2023-08-26
|quote=
}}</ref> Although it defies common sense, apparently the collective guilt felt by the members of the Bundestag caused the members to pass the [[German Circumcision Act]] on [[2012-12-12|12 December 2012 ]] in apparent violation of the Basic Law.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Germany passes law to protect circumcision after outcry
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-circumcision-idUKBRE8BB1B220121212/
|accessdate=2023-12-11
|quote=
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFnews
|title=Germany Passes Circumcision Law After Outcry
|url=https://www.impactlab.com/2013/01/23/germany-passes-circumcision-law-after-outcry/
|date=
|accessdate=2023-12-11
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Education]]