Hypospadias: Difference between revisions
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'''Hypospadias''' is an absolute contraindication for neonatal [[circumcision]] until a paediatric surgeon evaluates the case. | |||
{{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias}} | {{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias}} | ||
'''Hypospadias''' is a common variation in fetal development of the [[penis]] in which the [[urethra]] does not open from its usual location in the head of the penis. It is the second-most common birth abnormality of the male reproductive system, affecting about one of every 250 males at birth.<ref name="Snodgrass">{{REFbook | '''Hypospadias''' is a common variation in fetal development of the [[penis]] in which the [[urethra]] does not open from its usual location in the head of the [[penis]]. It is the second-most common birth abnormality of the male reproductive system, affecting about one of every 250 males at birth.<ref name="Snodgrass">{{REFbook | ||
|last=Snodgrass | |last=Snodgrass | ||
|first=Warren | |first=Warren | ||
| | |init=W | ||
|editors=Allan Wein, Meredith F Campbell, Patrick C Walsh | |||
|edition=10 | |edition=10 | ||
|title=Campbell-Walsh Urology | |title=Campbell-Walsh Urology | ||
| Line 12: | Line 15: | ||
|chapter=130: Hypospadias | |chapter=130: Hypospadias | ||
|isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9 | |isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9 | ||
}}</ref> Roughly 90% of cases are the less serious distal hypospadias, in which the | }}</ref> Roughly 90% of cases are the less serious distal hypospadias, in which the [[urethra]]l opening (the [[Urinary meatus|meatus]]) is on or near the head of the [[Glans penis|penis glans]]. The remainder have proximal hypospadias, in which the meatus is all the way back on the shaft of the [[penis]], near or within the [[scrotum]]. Shiny tissue that should have made the [[urethra]] extends from the meatus to the tip of the glans; this tissue is called the [[urethral plate]]. | ||
The prevalance of hypospadias is highest in North America and lowest in Asia.<ref name="vanderhorst2017>{{REFjournal | |||
|last=van der Horst | |||
|init=HJ | |||
|author-link= | |||
|last2=de Wall | |||
|init2=LL | |||
|author2-link= | |||
|etal=no | |||
|title=Hypospadias, all there is to know | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|journal=Eur J Pediatr | |||
|location= | |||
|date=2017-04 | |||
|volume=176 | |||
|issue=4 | |||
|pages=435-441 | |||
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5352742/ | |||
|quote= | |||
|pubmedID=28190103 | |||
|pubmedCID=5352742 | |||
|DOI=10.1007/s00431-017-2864-5 | |||
|accessdate=2019-10-23 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
The [[foreskin]] frequently does not develop normally. The ventral portion of the foreskin may not develop so the foreskin takes the form of a dorsal flap.<ref name="vanderhorst2017 /> | |||
< | ==Surgical repair== | ||
Each case must be evaluated to determine how best to proceed. Mild cases may not require repair.<ref name="winship-rushton2017>{{REFjournal | |||
|last=Winship | |||
|first=Brenton B. | |||
|init=BB | |||
|author-link= | |||
|last2=Ruston | |||
|first2=H. Gil | |||
|init2=HG | |||
|author2-link= | |||
|last3=Pohl | |||
|first3=Hans G. | |||
|init3=HG | |||
|author3-link= | |||
|etal=yes | |||
|title=In pursuit of the perfect penis: Hypospadias repair outcomes | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|journal=J Pediatr Urol | |||
|location= | |||
|date=2017-06 | |||
|volume=13 | |||
|issue=3 | |||
|pages=285-288 | |||
|url=https://www.jpurol.com/article/S1477-5131(17)30103-1/fulltext | |||
|quote= | |||
|pubmedID=28351650 | |||
|pubmedCID= | |||
|DOI=10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.023 | |||
|accessdate=2019-10-23 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
If surgical repair is to be undertaken, then van der Horst & de Wall (2017) recommend that surgical repair be carried out after four months of age and prior to eighteen months of age.<ref name="vanderhorst2017 /> | |||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
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{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
* {{REFweb | |||
|url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/so-your-son-has-hypospadias | |||
|title=So Your Son has Hypospadias | |||
|last=Black | |||
|first=Larissa | |||
|publisher=[[Your Whole Baby]] | |||
|accessdate=2019-10-22 | |||
}} | |||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
|url=http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/h/hypospadias | |url=http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/h/hypospadias | ||
|title=Hypospadias | |title=Hypospadias | ||
|last= | |last= | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
| Line 35: | Line 103: | ||
|date= | |date= | ||
|accessdate=2019-10-21 | |accessdate=2019-10-21 | ||
|format= | |||
|quote= | |||
}} | |||
* {{REFweb | |||
|url=https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/hypospadias | |||
|title=What is Hypospadias | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|last= | |||
|first= | |||
|author-link= | |||
|publisher=Urology Care Foundation | |||
|website=https://www.urologyhealth.org/ | |||
|date= | |||
|accessdate=2019-10-23 | |||
|format= | |format= | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
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[[Category:Genital surgery]] | [[Category:Genital surgery]] | ||
[[Category:Penile | [[Category:Penile disorder]] | ||
[[Category:Literature]] | [[Category:Literature]] | ||
[[de:Hypospadie]] | |||