Changes

USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]program: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb |quote=USAID/Kenya’s [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([[PEPFAR]]). PEPFAR, a This five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.

Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting [[== Circumcision does not prevent HIV]] infection:==

# Mayan et al=== Population-based studies ==={{Population-based studies}} ===Two African surveys===The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa. French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the male population incidence of the province of Ontario, HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[Canadaintact]] (569men. In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho,950 males)the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies, the effect of whom 203circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 with similar transmission from female to male and 2017male to female. The study concluded that questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=Garenne |first=Michel |init=M |author-link=Michel Garenne |title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision status is not related to risk in Lesotho |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/ |date=2022-04-04 |journal=J Biosoc Sci |volume=online ahead of print |pages=1-16 |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=35373731 |accessdate=2022-11-07}}</ref> </blockquote>  In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[HIVintact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="mayan2021garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=MayanGarenne |first=MadhurMichael |init=M

|title=Circumcision Age-incidence and Risk prevalence of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canadaamong intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa

|journal=J UrolBiosoc Sci

|date=20212022-0910-2326 |season=

|pages=1-13 |url=https://www.auajournalscambridge.org/doicore/pdfjournals/10.1097journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/JU.0000000000002234CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50

|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada. |pubmedID=3455159336286328

|DOI=10.10971017/JU.0000000000002234S0021932022000414 |accessdate=20212022-11-2007}}</ref># [[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing [[HIV]] and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and [[HIV]] infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</refblockquote> There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing [[HIV]] infection.

==Criticism==