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/* Violence due to loss of body pleasure / Wikify.
}}</ref> however there is some information available.
==Violence due to loss of body pleasure==
The human [[prepuce ]] is highly innervated tissue<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> and has long been known for its erogenous quality.<ref name="ErogenousZones">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> Falliers (1970) commented on the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the [[foreskin]]."<ref name="falliers1970">{{REFjournal
|last=Falliers
|first=
==Adult reenactment==
Famed trauma expert [https://besselvanderkolk.net/index.html Bessell [Bessel van der Kolk]], M. D.] {{MD}} (1989) reported that traumatized persons tend to repeat the [[trauma ]] on themselves or others, resulting in self-harm, harm to others, harm to self, or being re-victimized. He writes:
<blockquote>
''Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the [[trauma ]] at the expense of other life experiences and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others.''<ref name="vanderkolk1989">{{REFjournal |last=van der Kolk |first=Bessell |init=B |author-link= |etal=no |title=The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism |journal=Psychiatr Clin North Am |location= |date=VanderKolkBA 1989-06 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=389-411 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk/ |quote= |pubmedID=2664732 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Lloyd deMause (1996) argued that early childhood [[trauma ]] results in aggressive adult behavior.
<blockquote>
''That America has arranged to have more people on welfare'' – ''Gingrich’s dreaded “underclass”'' – ''than any other industrialized country is a clue to why nations need poor people to punish for their prosperity. Since it is prosperity and threats of intolerable individuation that trigger the restaging of trauma, it makes psychohistorical sense that America today'' – ''the most prosperous and freest nation of any in history'' – ''has more women and children living in poverty than any other industrialized nation. Nor is it coincidental that the world’s wealthiest country has the highest child homicide rate and the most newborn boys [[circumcised]], both indices of society’s hostility towards children.''<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
|accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref></blockquote>
==Is circumcision itself violence?==
The performance of a circumcision operation takes minimal physical force, but it makes up for the lack of force by the great damage to the [[penis]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref>{{REFweb
==Religious circumcision and violence==
===Judaism===
It is not clear when the Jews started circumcision, but is clear that it was done in 1406 BCE at [[Gilgal]] in what must have been a highly traumatic event. Michael Glass (2003) observed that the circumcisions at Gilgal were to create warriors. He saw a connection between circumcision and violence.<ref name="glass2003">{{REFweb |url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/glass3/ |title=What the Bible Reveals About Circumcision and Sexual Violence |last=Glass |first=Michael |init= |author-link=Michael Glass |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library |date=2003-04 |accessdate=2022-11-11}}</ref> According to Professor [[Leonard Glick]], Chapter 17 (containing the alleged [[Abrahamic covenant]]) was not added to the book of Genesis until after the Babylonian captivity, which ended in 538 BCE.
The [[Brit Milah]] in which a [[circumcised]] [[mohel]] reenacts his own traumatic circumcision upon a newborn boy on the eighth day of life is a standard feature of [[Judaism]].
===Islam===
Although [[circumcision]] is never mentioned in the Qur'an, male circumcision is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition. Muhammad is reported to have prescribed cutting the [[foreskin]] as a ''fitrah'', a measure of personal cleanliness. Modern Muslims see circumcision as essential to their faith, although they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>{{GollaherDL 2000}}</ref>
The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of [[circumcision]] at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are [[circumcised]] by circumcised men at varying ages before puberty,<ref>{{REFbook
}}</ref> however, it is no less injurious or traumatic and it still deprives the individual of body pleasure.
[[Islam ]] has a long, violent tradition of using the sword to advance Islam. The ''jihad'' is a so-called "holy war" to advance Islam against "infidels".<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://probe.org/islam-and-the-sword/
|title=Islam and the Sword
|date=2022-09-11
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
==A survey of nations==
Independent researcher [[Michel Hervé Bertaux-Navoiseau]] divided nations by the prevalence of [[circumcision]]. He placed nations where more than 50 percent of males are [[circumcised]] in the first category. He placed nations where less than 50 percent of males are circumcised in the second category. He collected statistical data on death penalty, wars, tortures, and excisions by nation. He found a higher rate of these items in the nations where circumcision is the practice. He also reported an "almost absolute" correlation between the practice of circumcision and [[genocide]].<ref>{{REFdocument
|title=Violence and Circumcision
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358044554_Violence_circumcision
|contribution=
|last=Bertaux-Navoiseau
|first=Michel H.
|author-link=Michel Hervé Bertaux-Navoiseau
|publisher=Research Gate
|format=
|date=2022-01
|accessdate=2022-11-09
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)]]
* [[Injury]]
* [[Physical abuse]]* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/glass3/
|title=What the Bible Reveals About Circumcision and Sexual Violence
|last=Glass
|first=Michael
|init=
|author-link=Michael Glass
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
|date=2003-04
|accessdate=2022-11-08
}}
* {{REFconference
|last=Boyle
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle2/
|title=El trastorno por estrés postraumático (PTSD) de larga duración como resultado de la cirugía genital de los menores
|trans-title=Long-term posttraumatic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of minor genital surgeryon minors.
|#=Invited Keynote Address:
|place=San Salvador, El Salvador, Central America
|publisher=III Congreso Nacional de Psicología "Violencia y Salud Mental"
}}
* {{REFdocument |title=Violence and CircumcisionREFweb |url=https://www.researchgatereddit.netcom/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/publicationtrained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/358044554_Violence_circumcision |contributionarchived= |title=Trained medical professionals restrain infant to amputate part of its body while baby kicks and screams in pain |trans-title= |language= |last=Bertaux-Navoiseau |first=Michel H. |author-link= |publisher=Research Gate |website= |date= |accessdate=2023-09-19
|format=
|datequote=2022-01 |accessdate=2022-11-18
}}
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:termTerm]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Islam]]
[[Category:Violence]]