Changes

The '''Adverse Childhood Experience Study''' originated with a questionnaire mailed 13,494 adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studied included psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The study, which was carried out in the 1990s, did not include infant [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFbook |last=van der Kolk |first=Bessel |init= |author-link=Bessel van der Kolk |year=2015 |title=The Body Keeps the score |url= |chapter=Chapter Nine |scope= |page= |pages=140-3 |ISBN=978-0-14-312774-1 |accessdate=2023-08-07 }}</ref> <ref>{{REFdocument |title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience |trans-title= |language= |url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf |archived= |contribution= |quote= |trans-quote= |quote-lang= |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Chapin |first2=Georganne |author2-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |location=Tarrytown |format=PDF |date=2019-08-01 |accessdate=2023-08-08}}</ref> The study revealed that ACEs are closely related to adult health problems. ACEs are strongly associated with high-risk health behaviors in adulthood, such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, and obesity; and with ill health, including depression, heart and lung disease, cancer, and decreased lifespan.<ref name="felitti1998">{{REFjournal

|last3=Nordenberg D

|init3=D

}}</ref> Fitzgerald & Walker (2003) described the effect of pain on developing nerve pathways.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Fitzgerald |first= |init=M |author-link= |last2=Walker |first2= |init2=S |author2-link= |year=2003 |title=The role of activity in developing pain pathways. |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/fitzgerald2/ |work=Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain |editor=Dostovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M (eds) |edition= |volume=24 |chapter=Progress in Pain Research and Management |scope= |page= |pages=185-96 |location=Seattle |publisher=IASP Press |ISBN= |quote= |accessdate=2023-08-07 |note=}}</ref>They lead to changing how children respond to [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ stress] and damaging their immune systems so profoundly that the effects show up decades later. ACEs cause much of our chronic disease burden, most mental illness, and are at the root of violence.<ref>{{REFweb

==Classification of genital cutting==Involuntary childhood genital cutting—including cutting — including [[female genital mutilation]], gender-norming surgery of [[intersex]] children, and male [[circumcision]]—is — is [[Pain| painful ]] and [[Trauma| traumatic]] and has been found to permanently alter individuals' sexuality, and to have other lifelong consequences.<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal

|title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And and Circumcision.

ACEs have [[Dan Bollinger| Bollinger]] (2023) reported a dose-response relationship with many health problemspreliminary survey comparing [[intact]] and [[circumcised]] men using the ACE test. That is, as The [[circumcised]] men had higher ACE scores than the number of ACEs accumulates, the greater the health risks [[intact]] men. Bollinger has called for additional study to the individualdetermine if male genital cutting (circumcision) should be classified as an Adverse Childhood Experience.<ref name="bollinger2023" />