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{{Construction Site}}'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' may be created by surgical or non-surgical means.<ref name="collier2011">{{REFjournal |last=Collier |first=Roger |init=R |author-link= |title=Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration |journal=CMAJ |date=2011 |volume=183 |issue=18 |pages=2092-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255154/ |quote= |pubmedID=3255154 |pubmedCID=22083672 |DOI=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009 |accessdate=2023-10-10}}</ref> Surgical restoration is very rare. The vast majority of restored foreskins have been created by non-surgical [[tissue expansion]].

==Creators==Creators normally fall into two categories. The first category consists of men who were involuntarily received a non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] as an infant or small child. The second category consists of men who voluntarily granted consent as an adult for [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| adolescent or adult circumcision]], but now regret their decision.

Creators normally fall into two categories: * The first category consists of men who involuntarily received a non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] as an infant or small child.  * The second category consists of men who voluntarily granted consent as an adult for [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| adolescent or adult circumcision]], but now [[Regret men| regret]] their decision. Both categories of creators seek a sense of wholeness or completeness, a restoration of normal appearance of the [[penis]], and a restoration of lost sensory and other functions to the extent possible. Other reasons are to regain control over one's body and anger management.<ref>{{REFbook

==Surgically restored foreskin== 

Penn (1963) pulled the [[shaft skin ]] forward to create a [[foreskin ]] and then used a graft from an unidentified source to cover the defect in the [[shaft skin]].<ref>{{REFjournal

Greer (1982) described a four-stage procedure in which [[scrotal skin ]] was used to create a [[foreskin]].<ref name="greer1982">{{REFjournal

Goodwin (1990) described a procedure in which the [[shaft skin ]] of the [[penis ]] is advanced forward and [[scrotal skin ]] is used to cover the defect so that the [[foreskin ]] is made up of [[shaft skin ]] with [[scrotal skin ]] replacing it on the shaft of the [[penis]].<ref>{{REFjournal

Dr. [[Paul Tinari]] was operated on by by Dr. Robert H. Stubbs of Montreal who used the [[scrotal skin ]] to replace the [[shaft skin ]] which was pulled forward to create a [[foreskin ]] in a manner that appears to be similar to that of Dr. Goodwin.<ref>{{REFjournal

A combination of [[shaft skin ]] plus scrotal skin was used in all reported cases to create a surgically restored [[foreskin]]. [[Shane Peterson]] of Perth, [[Australia]] excessively [[circumcised]] at birth, encountered significant issues and complications with his surgical foreskin restoration.<ref name="peterson2002">{{REFconference |last=Peterson |first=Shane E. |author-link=Shane Peterson |coauthors= |coauthors-link= |title=Assaulted and Mutilated: Surviving Circumcision Trauma |trans-title= |language= |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_15 |archived= |place=Washington, DC |publisher=Springer |source=Presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Human Rights and Modern Society |date=2002-04-05 |accessdate=2023-05-24 }}</ref> ==Non-surgically restored foreskin== On the shaft of the [[circumcised]] [[penis]], one finds the [[circumcision scar]] at a midway point on the shaft. From the scar to the abdominal wall, one finds residual penile [[shaft skin]]. From the scar to the [[glans penis]] one finds residual [[Preputial preputial mucosa| preputial mucosal]] l [[foreskin ]] tissue, usually in a desiccated condition. Application of traction, either manually or by the aid of a commercial device sold for the purpose, is used to cause longitudinal [[tissue expansion]]. The [[circumcision scar]] will migrate toward the tip of the [[penis]] as the residual [[shaft skin]] expands. In some cases it will turn inside the new restored [[foreskin]] and become invisible. Some restorers recommend that the expansion of the internal and outer skin be regulated so that the scar is at the tip of the restored [[foreskin]].<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/foreskin_restoration/comments/5652l2/repositioning_the_scar_line_to_the_tip_how_i/ |title=Repositioning the scar line to the tip; how I restored. |last= |first=Andre |init= |date=2016 |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> The non-surgically restored [[foreskin]] will consist of both expanded inner mucosa and expanded [[shaft skin]]. The location of the [[circumcision scar]] will vary. Restored foreskins typically are somewhat looser than natural foreskins. After the restored foreskin becomes long enough to extend beyond the glans penis, the [[dartos]] usually will tighten it to some extent. Some restorers are experimenting with the use of o-rings to tighten the restored foreskin. The results are unclear. ==What is missing==* The [[frenulum]] found on the natural [[intact]] [[penis]], which limits foreskin retraction, cannot be regained. * The [[ridged band]] area of the natural [[intact]] [[penis]], which enhances sensation, cannot be regained. ==What is regained==* The natural [[intact]] appearance is regained. * The [[preputial sac]] is regained. * The comfort of having the [[glans penis]] covered and protected is regained. * The provision of skin oil and moisture to the [[glans penis]] is regained. * Collection of [[smegma]] is regained. * [[Dekeratinization]] of the [[glans penis]] will gradually occur, causing sensitivity to be regained. * Mobility of the [[foreskin]] and [[gliding action]] are regained. * Ease of penetration is regained.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Taves |first= |init=DR |author-link= |etal=no |title=The intromission function of the foreskin. |trans-title= |language= |journal=Med Hypotheses |location= |date=2002-08 |season= |volume=59 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=180-2 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taves1/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=12208206 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00250-5 |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> * Reduction of friction and irritation in the female partner's [[vagina]] is regained.<ref name="warren1994">{{REFjournal |last=Warren |first=John |init=J |author-link=John Warren |last2=Bigelow |first2=Jim |init2=J |author2-link=Jim Bigelow |etal=no |title=The case against circumcision |trans-title= |language=English |journal=Br J Sex Med |location= |date=1994-09 |volume= |issue= |pages=6-8 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> * Improved chance of female partner's orgasm is regained.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=O'Hara |first= |init=K |author-link= |last2=O'Hara |first2= |init2=J |author2-link= |etal=no |title=The effect of male circumcision on the sexual enjoyment of the female partner |trans-title= |language= |journal=BJU Int |location= |date=1999-01-01 |season= |volume=83 Suppl 1 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=79-84 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/ohara/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=10349418 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1079.x |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> * Sensation in the restored foreskin and ease of reaching orgasm are regained.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.restoringforeskin.org/why-restore-your-foreskin |title=Why Restore Your Foreskin |last= |first= |init= |website=Restoring for Men |date= |accessdate=2022-09-01}}></ref>

The circumcision scar will migrate toward There are no controlled scientific studies on the tip extent of the penis recovery of sensation, however several men, who were [[circumcised]] as the residual shaft skin expandsadults and later restored, estimate that they have regained about 80 percent of lost sensation.{{SEEALSO}}* [[RestoringMan]]{{LINKS}}{{NSFW}}* [[Restored foreskin demonstration]]