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{{Construction Site}}'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' may be created by surgical or non-surgical means.<ref name="collier2011">{{REFjournal |last=Collier |first=Roger |init=R |author-link= |title=Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration |journal=CMAJ |date=2011 |volume=183 |issue=18 |pages=2092-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255154/ |quote= |pubmedID=3255154 |pubmedCID=22083672 |DOI=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009 |accessdate=2023-10-10}}</ref> Surgical restoration is very rare. The vast majority of restored foreskins have been created by non-surgical [[tissue expansion]]. == Creators == Creators normally fall into two categories: * The first category consists of men who involuntarily received a non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] as an infant or small child.
==Creators==Creators normally fall into two categories. The first category consists of men who were involuntarily received a non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] as an infant or small child. * The second category consists of men who voluntarily granted consent as an adult for [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| adolescent or adult circumcision]], but now [[Regret men| regret ]] their decision.
→What is regained
Both categories of creators seek a sense of wholeness or completeness, a restoration of normal appearance of the [[penis]], and a restoration of lost sensory and other functions to the extent possible. Other reasons are to regain control over one's body and anger management.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Bigelow
|first=Jim
}}</ref>
==Surgically restored foreskin==
The surgically restored foreskin is rare.
Penn (1963) pulled the [[shaft skin ]] forward to create a [[foreskin ]] and then used a graft from an unidentified source to cover the defect in the [[shaft skin]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Penn
|first=
}}</ref>
Greer (1982) described a four-stage procedure in which [[scrotal skin ]] was used to create a [[foreskin]].<ref name="greer1982">{{REFjournal
|last=Greer
|first=
}}</ref>
Goodwin (1990) described a procedure in which the [[shaft skin ]] of the [[penis ]] is advanced forward and [[scrotal skin ]] is used to cover the defect so that the [[foreskin ]] is made up of [[shaft skin ]] with [[scrotal skin ]] replacing it on the shaft of the [[penis]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Goodwin
|first=
|accessdate=2022-08-31
}}</ref>
Dr. [[Paul Tinari]] was operated on by Dr. Robert H. Stubbs of Montreal who used the [[scrotal skin]] to replace the [[shaft skin]] which was pulled forward to create a [[foreskin]] in a manner that appears to be similar to that of Dr. Goodwin.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=LaLiberté
|init=J
|author-link=
|url=https://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html
|title=BC man's foreskin op a success
|journal=National Review of Medicine
|date=2006-06-30
|volume=3
|issue=12
|pages=
|accessdate=2022-08-31
}}</ref>
A combination of [[shaft skin]] plus scrotal skin was used in all reported cases to create a surgically restored [[foreskin]].
[[Shane Peterson]] of Perth, [[Australia]] excessively [[circumcised]] at birth, encountered significant issues and complications with his surgical foreskin restoration.<ref name="peterson2002">{{REFconference
|last=Peterson
|first=Shane E.
|author-link=Shane Peterson
|coauthors=
|coauthors-link=
|title=Assaulted and Mutilated: Surviving Circumcision Trauma
|trans-title=
|language=
|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_15
|archived=
|place=Washington, DC
|publisher=Springer
|source=Presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Human Rights and Modern Society
|date=2002-04-05
|accessdate=2023-05-24
}}</ref>
== Non-surgically restored foreskin ==
On the shaft of the [[circumcised]] [[penis]], one finds the [[circumcision scar]] at a midway point on the shaft. From the scar to the abdominal wall, one finds residual penile [[shaft skin]]. From the scar to the [[glans penis]] one finds residual [[preputial mucosa]]l [[foreskin]] tissue, usually in a desiccated condition. Application of traction, either manually or by the aid of a commercial device sold for the purpose, is used to cause longitudinal [[tissue expansion]].
The [[circumcision scar]] will migrate toward the tip of the [[penis]] as the residual [[shaft skin]] expands. In some cases it will turn inside the new restored [[foreskin]] and become invisible. Some restorers recommend that the expansion of the internal and outer skin be regulated so that the scar is at the tip of the restored [[foreskin]].<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/foreskin_restoration/comments/5652l2/repositioning_the_scar_line_to_the_tip_how_i/
|title=Repositioning the scar line to the tip; how I restored.
|last=
|first=Andre
|init=
|date=2016
|accessdate=2022-09-01
}}</ref>
The non-surgically restored [[foreskin]] will consist of both expanded inner mucosa and expanded [[shaft skin]]. The location of the [[circumcision scar]] will vary.
Restored foreskins typically are somewhat looser than natural foreskins. After the restored foreskin becomes long enough to extend beyond the glans penis, the [[dartos]] usually will tighten it to some extent. Some restorers are experimenting with the use of o-rings to tighten the restored foreskin. The results are unclear.
==What is missing==
* The [[frenulum]] found on the natural [[intact]] [[penis]], which limits foreskin retraction, cannot be regained.
* The [[ridged band]] area of the natural [[intact]] [[penis]], which enhances sensation, cannot be regained.
==What is regained==
* The natural [[intact]] appearance is regained.
* The [[preputial sac]] is regained.
* The comfort of having the [[glans penis]] covered and protected is regained.
* The provision of skin oil and moisture to the [[glans penis]] is regained.
* Collection of [[smegma]] is regained.
* [[Dekeratinization]] of the [[glans penis]] will gradually occur, causing sensitivity to be regained.
* Mobility of the [[foreskin]] and [[gliding action]] are regained.
* Ease of penetration is regained.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Taves
|first=
|init=DR
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=The intromission function of the foreskin.
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Med Hypotheses
|location=
|date=2002-08
|season=
|volume=59
|issue=2
|article=
|page=
|pages=180-2
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taves1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=12208206
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00250-5
|accessdate=2022-09-01
}}</ref>
* Reduction of friction and irritation in the female partner's [[vagina]] is regained.<ref name="warren1994">{{REFjournal
|last=Warren
|first=John
|init=J
|author-link=John Warren
|last2=Bigelow
|first2=Jim
|init2=J
|author2-link=Jim Bigelow
|etal=no
|title=The case against circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=Br J Sex Med
|location=
|date=1994-09
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=6-8
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2022-09-01
}}
</ref>
* Improved chance of female partner's orgasm is regained.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=O'Hara
|first=
|init=K
|author-link=
|last2=O'Hara
|first2=
|init2=J
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=The effect of male circumcision on the sexual enjoyment of the female partner
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BJU Int
|location=
|date=1999-01-01
|season=
|volume=83 Suppl 1
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=79-84
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/ohara/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=10349418
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1079.x
|accessdate=2022-09-01
}}</ref>
* Sensation in the restored foreskin and ease of reaching orgasm are regained.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.restoringforeskin.org/why-restore-your-foreskin
|title=Why Restore Your Foreskin
|last=
|first=
|init=
|website=Restoring for Men
|date=
|accessdate=2022-09-01
}}></ref>
There are no controlled scientific studies on the extent of recovery of sensation, however several men, who were [[circumcised]] as adults and later restored, estimate that they have regained about 80 percent of lost sensation.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[RestoringMan]]
{{LINKS}}
{{NSFW}}
* [[Restored foreskin demonstration]]
{{REF}}
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Penile function]]
[[Category:Physiology]]