Changes

Featuring DrLike its male counterpart, circumcision of females has two histories. First it is a ritual or customary practice among tribal societies (mostly in Africa) and some Islamic communities. Secondly it is a medical intervention, justified by Victorian (and, in the USA, some twentieth century) doctors in exactly the same way as they rationalised circumcision of boys: to deter [[Dean Edellmasturbation]], to treat obscure nervous disorders such as hysteria, neurasthenia and epilepsy, and thereby to promote health.

Some Historical American Female Circumcision medical papers: http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&idMGM and FGM =51&Itemid=68

Like its Given the similarities between the male counterpartand female genitals, circumcision the nature of females has two histories. First it is a ritual or customary practice among tribal societies (mostly in Africa) the surgery and some Islamic communities. Secondly the justifications offered, it is a medical intervention, justified by Victorian (surprising that male andfemale circumcision enjoy such strikingly different reputations, at least in Anglophone societies: the USAfirst, some twentieth century) doctors in exactly a mild and harmless adjustment which should be tolerated, if not actively promoted; the same way as they rationalised second, a cruel abomination which must be stopped by law, no matter how culturally significant to its practitioners. If you call circumcision of boys: to deter masturbationmale genital mutilation, you are accused of emotionalism; if you fail to treat obscure nervous disorders such as hysteriacall circumcision of women or girls female genital mutilation you are accused of trivialising the offence. While the United Nations, neurasthenia Amnesty International and epilepsyother international agencies spend millions on programs to eradicate FGM, and thereby to promote healththey have never uttered a word against [[circumcision]] of boys.

== MGM It might be thought that the reason for this [[double standard]] lies in the greater physical severity of [[female circumcision]], but this is to confuse cause with effect. On the contrary, it is the tolerant or positive attitude towards male circumcision and FGM ==the rarity of female circumcision in western societies which promote the illusion that the operation is necessarily more sexually disabling, and without benefit to health, when performed on girls or women. It is, of course, also true that the term female circumcision is vague, referring to any one or more of a number of surgical procedures. These have been defined by the World Health Organisation as follows: [[Female genital mutilation]] comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of female external genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reason.

It might be thought that the reason for this double standard lies in Type 1: [[Excision]] of the greater physical severity of female circumcision, but this is to confuse cause prepuce with effect. On the contrary, it is the tolerant or positive attitude towards male circumcision and the rarity of female circumcision in western societies which promote the illusion that the operation is necessarily more sexually disabling, and without benefit to health, when performed on girls or women. It is, excision of course, also true that the term female circumcision is vague, referring to any one part or more all of a number of surgical procedures. These have been defined by the World Health Organisation as follows:[[clitoral glans]]

Female Genital Mutilation comprises all procedures that involve Type 2: [[Excision]] of the [[clitoral glans]] together with partial or total removal [[excision]] of female external genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reason.[[labia minora]]

Type 14: Excision Unclassified (but may include):* pricking, piercing or incision of the prepuce with [[clitoral glans]] and/or without excision labia;* stretching of part the [[clitoral glans]] and/or all labia;* cauterization by burning of the clitoris[[clitoral glans]] and surrounding tissue;* introcision;* scraping (angurya cuts) or cutting (gishri cuts) of the vagina or surrounding tissue;* introduction of corrosive substances or herbs into the vagina;* any other procedure that falls under the definition of female genital mutilation given above.{{SEEALSO}}* [[United States of America]]

Type 4[[Category: Unclassified (but may include)Film]][[Category: * pricking, piercing or incision of the clitoris Film about circumcision and/or labia; * stretching of the clitoris and/or labia; * cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue; * introcision; * scraping (angurya cuts) or cutting (gishri cuts) of the vagina or surrounding tissue; * introduction of corrosive substances or herbs into the vagina; * any other procedure that falls under intactivism]][[Category:Film about FGM in the definition of female genital mutilation given above.United States]]

[[Category:Films about circumcision and intactivism]][[Category:Films about FGM in the United StatesUSA]]