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{{Construction Site}}
|first2=Morton
|last4=Stevens
|init4=S
|first4=Bonnie
|author4-link=
|last5=Koren
|init5=G
|first5=Gideon
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|first2=Joel
Add external link.
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is defined as physical injury or psychological or emotional damage.<ref name="trauma2003">{{REFweb
|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Trauma
}}</ref>
==Physical trauma==Physical trauma is any injury caused by a mechanical or physical agent.<ref name="trauma2003" /> ==Psychic trauma==
Psychic trauma is a psychologically upsetting experience that produces an emotional or mental disorder or otherwise has lasting negative effects on a person's thoughts, feelings, or behavior.<ref name="trauma2003" />
== Birth trauma ==
De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal |last=Circumcision traumadeMause |first=Lloyd |init= |author-link= |etal=noCircumcision trauma includes ''both'' physical trauma |title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and psychic trauma.Social Violence |journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal |location= |date=Physical circumcision trauma1996 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=344-92Circumcision, more properly described as ''posthectomy'', is the surgical excision and amputation of the foreskin of the penis, which permanently removes a significant portion of the epithelium of the penis and destroys the significant and important [[Foreskin#Protective_functions |url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf |archived= |quote= | protective]], [[Foreskin#Immunological_functionspubmedID=11609155 | immunological]], [[Foreskin#Sexual_functionspubmedCID= | sexual]], and [[Foreskin#Sexual_behaviorDOI= | sensory]] physiological functions of that structure, and leaves the patient permanently and irreversibly impaired by the loss of those functions.<ref nameaccessdate="cold2024-04-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 199903}}</ref>Jacobsen & Bygdeman (1998) reported an association between birth trauma and adult suicide.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Jacobsen |first= |init=B |author-link= |last2=Bygdeman |first2= |init2=M |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Results Obstetric care and proneness of physical circumcision traumaoffspring to suicide as adults: case-control study |trans-title= |language= |journal=BMJ |location= |date=1998 |volume=317 |issue=7169 |article= |page=1346 |pages=Results of physical trauma include |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/317/7169/1346 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=9812930 |pubmedCID=28715 |DOI=10.1136/bmj.317.7169.1346 |doi=* [[Complication]] |accessdate=2023-10-18* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]}}</ref>
===Psychic circumcision Circumcision trauma===Although a There are no medical indications for infant [[circumcision]] may be performed at any age, circumcisions are most commonly performed <ref>{{REFbook |last=Committee on newborn boys in the Fetus and Newborn |first month = |init= |year=1971 |title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of life outside Newborn infants. 5th ed. |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971 |scope= |location=Evanston |publisher=American Academy of the mother's womb. At that tender age general anesthesia Pediatrics |ISBN= |accessdate=2024-04-03 }}</ref> which is too dangerous to administer, so newborn boys receive only minimal a [[painPain| painful]] relief at best andnon-therapeutic, in many casesmedically-unnecessary invasive amputative surgery. Infant circumcision still occurs more than 2, none at all. [[circumcised]] boys had 000 times a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with day in the [[intactUnited States]] boys,. Circumcision trauma includes ''both'' physical trauma and psychic trauma.<ref name="taddio"1995boyle2002">{{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=TaddioAydoğdu |initfirst=A |firstinit=AnnaB
|author-link=
|last2=GoldbachAzizoğlu |first2=
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|last3=IppOkur |init3first3=M |first3init3=MosheMH
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Effect Social and psychological effects of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys: A narrative review |trans-title= |language= |journal=LancetJournal of Applied Nursingand Health
|location=
|date=19952022 |volume=3444 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=291264-271 |url=httphttps://wwwjanh.cirpcandle.orgor.id/index.php/janh/libraryarticle/paindownload/taddio110/138
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedIDDOI=10.55018/janh.v4i2.110 |format=PDF |accessdate=2023-01-16}}</ref> <ref name="boyle2015">{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first= |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle |etal=no |title=Circumcision of Infants and Children: Short-Term Trauma and Long-Term Psychosexual Harm |trans-title= |language= |journal=Advances in Sexual Medicine |location= |date=2015-04-15 |volume=5 |issue=3 |article= |page= |pages=22-38 |url=7837863https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2931/bb0b1cd39a0224fff37545c23931679488fd.pdf |pubmedCIDarchived= |DOI=10.10164236/s0140-6736(95)90278-3asm.2015.52004 |format=PDF |accessdate=20202024-1103-1005}}</ref>Batteley, Metters & Smith (2023) state, in addition to the physical risks, the psychological risks should receive attention.<ref name="taddio1997batterley2023">{{REFjournal |last=TaddioBatterley |initfirst=A |firstinit=AnnaM
|author-link=
|last2=KatzMetters |first2=
|init2=J
|author2-link=
|last3=IlersichSmith |first3 |init3=ALD |author3-link=David Smith |etal=no |title=Male Circumcision-Based Trauma: Should it be Shown Greater Recognition? |trans-title= |language= |journal=PsyArXiv |location= |date=2023-01-18 |volume=Preprint |pages=1-13 |url=https://psyarxiv.com/4yv62/ |archived= |quote= |DOI=10.31234/osf.io/4yv62 |first3accessdate=A2023-02-25}}</ref> [[Dan Bollinger| Bollinger]] (2023) reported a preliminary survey comparing [[intact]] and [[circumcised]] men using the ACE test. The [[circumcised]] men had higher ACE scores than the [[intact]] men. Bollinger has called for additional study to determine if male genital cutting (circumcision) should be classified as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| Adverse Childhood Experience]]. Lane<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |init=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2= |init2= |author3author2-link= |last4url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/ |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, and Circumcision. |journal=Kindred |date=2023-02-28 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2023-03-01}}</ref> === Physical circumcision trauma ===Circumcision, more properly described as ''posthectomy'', is the surgical excision and amputation of the [[foreskin]] of the [[penis]], which permanently removes a significant portion of the epithelium of the [[penis]] and destroys the significant and important [[Foreskin#Protective_functions| protective]], [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological]], [[Foreskin#Sexual_functions| sexual]], and [[Foreskin#Sexual_behavior| sensory]] physiological functions of that structure, and leaves the patient permanently and irreversibly impaired by the loss of those functions.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> ==== Results of physical circumcision trauma ====Results of physical trauma include:* [[Complication]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]] === Psychic circumcision trauma ===According to [[Marilyn Milos]], "every man who has a scar on his [[penis]] also has a scar on his psyche." The medical community, however, has been slow to recognize the trauma of [[circumcision]].<ref name="batterley2023" /> <ref name="goldman1999">{{REFjournal |last=GideonGoldman |init4first=K |first4init=KorenR |author4author-link=Ronald Goldman
|etal=no
|title=Effect The psychological impact of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination |trans-title= |language= |journal=LancetBJU Int
|location=
|date=19971999-0301-01 |season= |volume=34283 Suppl. 1 |issue=9052 |article= |page= |pages=59993-603103 |url=httpshttp://yorkspace.librarywww.yorkucirp.caorg/xmlui/bitstreamlibrary/handlepsych/10315goldman1/7941/KAT036.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=905773110349420
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.10161046/S0140j.1464-6736(96)10316-0 410x.1999.0830s1093.x |accessdate=20202022-11-1114}}</ref> Although a [[circumcision]] may be performed at any age, circumcisions are most commonly performed on newborn boys in the first month of life outside of the mother's womb. At that tender age general anesthesia is too dangerous to administer, so newborn boys receive only minimal [[pain]] relief at best and, in many cases, none at all. [[Circumcised]] boys had a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with [[intact]] boys,<ref name="taddio"1995">{{TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref name="taddio1997">{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref> showing that the nervous system had been permanently sensitized to heightened pain sensation.
Taddio et al. (1997) concluded:
}}
Boyle & Ramos (2019) reported [[PTSD]] in [[circumcised]] boys in the Philippine Islands where [[Tuli]] remains the usual practice.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle |last2=Ramos |first2=Samuel |init2=S |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino boys subjected to non-therapeutic ritual or medical surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort study |journal=Annals of Medicine and Surgery |location= |date=2019 |volume=42 |issue= |pages=19-22 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080119300305 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=31080593 |pubmedCID=6506608 |DOI=10.1016/j.amsu.2019.04.004 |accessdate=2023-01-26}}</ref> ====Results of psychic circumcision trauma====
Results of psychic circumcision trauma include:
* [[Posttraumatic Post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Adamant father syndrome]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
== Ethics ==
Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]]. They have determined that the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a surrogate. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces trauma and harm to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of consent.<ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal
|last=Myers
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=
|last2=Earp
|first2=
|init2=BD
|author2-link=Brian D. Earp
|etal=no
|title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2020-09
|volume=34
|issue=7
|pages=560-72
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Earp-2/publication/337720859_What_Is_the_Best_Age_to_Circumcise_A_Medical_and_Ethical_Analysis/links/5f815f61a6fdccfd7b555395/What-Is-the-Best-Age-to-Circumcise-A-Medical-and-Ethical-Analysis.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=32068898
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/bioe.12714
|accessdate=2023-05-18
}}</ref> Consent by a surrogate for a non-therapeutic circumcision is an unethical practice.
== Video ==
<b>Circumcision: Trauma, Psychological Effects, Cultural Beliefs</b>
<youtube>v=lNItNHs9PR8&list=PLmrnvFzPoEloNFlh1lNKzig41vqprZnoc&index=1</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumstraint]]
* [[Pain]]
* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]
* [[Ronald Goldman Testifies On Circumcision Trauma At Historic PACE Hearing]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://kindredmedia.org/2015/08/infant-circumcision-and-trauma-with-dr-dean-edell/
|title=Infant Circumcision And Trauma – With Dr. Dean Edell
|last=Edel
|first=Dean
|init=
|publisher=Kindred
|date=2015-08-17
|accessdate=2022-11-20
}}
*{{REFweb
|url=https://circumcision.org/circumcision-permanently-alters-the-brain/
|title=Circumcision Permanently Alters the Brain: The surgery subjected the infant to significant trauma
|last=Tinari
|first=Paul D.
|init=
|publisher=Circumcision Resource Center
|date=
|accessdate=2022-11-20
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://iaim.net/extreme-trauma-from-male-circumcision-causes-damage-to-areas-of-brain/#:~:text=Based%20on%20MRI%20data%20collected,and%20frontal%20and%20temporal%20lobes.
|title=Extreme trauma from male circumcision causes damage to areas of the brain
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=International Association of Infant Massage.
|date=2016-02-17
|accessdate=2024-03-14
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201501/circumcision-s-psychological-damage
|title=Circumcision’s Psychological Damage
|last=Narvaez
|first=Darcia F.
|author-link=Darcia Narvaez
|publisher=Psychology Today
|website=
|date=2015-01-11
|accessdate=2022-11-14
|format=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.hegemonmedia.com/p/the-cultural-trauma-of-circumcision
|last=Marotta
|first=Brendon
|init=B |author-link=Brendon Marotta
|publisher=Hegemon Media
|date=2022-02-17
|accessdate=2022-11-14
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-trauma/
|title=Circumcision Trauma: The Invisible Elephant in the Room
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-12-17
|accessdate=2023-12-31
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/
|title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-02-09
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-trauma-in-bedroom/
|title=Severed Intimacy: Navigating Circumcision Trauma in The Bedroom
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=
|accessdate=2024-05-09
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:TermMedical term]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Trauma]]
[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]