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[[Category:USA]]
→Early twenty-first century
===Late twentieth century===
The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys by [[intactivists]] and increasing efforts by the circumcision industry to protect [[third-party payment]] for performance of non-therapeutic circumcision of non-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a [[trauma| horribly traumatic experience]].
[[Abraham Ravich]] (1951) falsely claimed that [[circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] in women.<ref name="ravitch1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) is not an "academy" at all. It is a [[medical trade association]] that protects and advances the business and financial interests of its pediatrician "fellows". Influenced by Preston's paper, the AAP published a manual on the hospital care of newborn infants in 1971. The manual included the statement:
<blockquote>
<b>There are no valid medical indications for circumcision in the neonatal period.</b><ref>{{REFbook
|year=1971
|title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants
Grimes concluded:
<blockquote> However, until the benefits of [[Routine Infant Circumcision| routinecircumcision]] circumcision of the neonate can be proved worth the risk and cost, medical resources probably should be allocated to measures of demonstrated value.<ref name="grimes1978" />
</blockquote>
The American circumcision industry appears to have totally ignored Grimes' concerns.
|year=2008
|title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children
|url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/articles/ch-10-american-law-and-the-circumcision-of-children-doc-genital-integrity-statement/
|work=Genital Integrity Policy
|editor=
[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] issued a Genital Integrity Policy in June 2008.<ref name-"doc2008">{{REFdocument
|title=Genital Integrity Policy
|url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/GenitalIntegrityStatement.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Hill
}}</ref>
The ill-fated 2012 [[AAP ]] Circumcision Policy Statement expired on August 31, 2017 in accordance with AAP policy, because it was not reaffirmed. The AAP has had ''no'' official circumcision policy since that time.
[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2019) discussed circumcision as an adverse childhood experience,<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
=== Intact is the new norm ===
[[Intact America]] argues that public opinion regarding non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which [[intact]] genitals would be preferred over the [[circumcised]] variety.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/public-opinion-on-circumcision/
|title=Public Opinion on Circumcision: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point?
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-03-23
|accessdate=2024-04-09
}}</ref>
The percentage of American boys being [[circumcised]] has been slowly declining for a long time, while the number of boys with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] has correspondingly increased.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The percentage of [[intact]] newborn boys now exceeds the percentage of [[circumcised]] newborn boys.
* [[Financial incentive]]
* [[Intact-friendly]]
* [https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Main_Page Home page]
{{LINKS}}
[[Category:BSM]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:USA]]
[[de:Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika]]