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→Circumcision trauma
== Psychic trauma ==
Psychic trauma is a psychologically upsetting experience that produces an emotional or mental disorder or otherwise has lasting negative effects on a person's thoughts, feelings, or behavior.<ref name="trauma2003" />
== Birth trauma ==
De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
|last=deMause
|first=Lloyd
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence
|journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal
|location=
|date=1996
|volume=23
|issue=4
|pages=344-92
|url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11609155
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2024-04-03
}}</ref> Jacobsen & Bygdeman (1998) reported an association between birth trauma and adult suicide.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Jacobsen
|first=
|init=B
|author-link=
|last2=Bygdeman
|first2=
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide as adults: case-control study
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BMJ
|location=
|date=1998
|volume=317
|issue=7169
|article=
|page=1346
|pages=
|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/317/7169/1346
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=9812930
|pubmedCID=28715
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.317.7169.1346
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-10-18
}}</ref>
== Circumcision trauma ==
There are no medical indications for infant [[circumcision]],<ref>{{REFbook |last=Committee on Fetus and Newborn |first= |init= |year=1971 |title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants. 5th ed. |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971 |scope= |location=Evanston |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |ISBN= |accessdate=2024-04-03 }}</ref> which is a [[Pain| painful]], traumatic, non-therapeutic, medically-unnecessary invasive amputative surgery.<ref name="garrett2023-12-17">{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-trauma/ |title=Circumcision Trauma: The Invisible Elephant in the Room |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-12-17 |accessdate=2024-05-15}}</ref> Infant circumcision still occurs more than 2,000 times a day in the [[United States]]. Circumcision trauma includes ''both'' physical trauma and psychic trauma.<ref name="boyle2002">{{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Aydoğdu
|first=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2024-03-05
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-gone-wrong/
|title=Circumcision Gone Wrong: Damage, Deformity, Death
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-04
|accessdate=2024-06-02
}}</ref> Batteley, Metters & Smith (2023) state, in addition to the physical risks, the psychological risks should receive attention.<ref name="batterley2023">{{REFjournal
|last=Batterley
|DOI=10.31234/osf.io/4yv62
|accessdate=2023-02-25
}}</ref>
[[Dan Bollinger| Bollinger]] (2023) reported a preliminary survey comparing [[intact]] and [[circumcised]] men using the ACE test. The [[circumcised]] men had higher ACE scores than the [[intact]] men. Bollinger has called for additional study to determine if male genital cutting (circumcision) should be classified as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| Adverse Childhood Experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/
|title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, and Circumcision.
|journal=Kindred
|date=2023-02-28
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|accessdate=2023-03-01
}}</ref>
=== Physical circumcision trauma ===
Circumcision, more properly described as ''posthectomy'', is the surgical excision and amputation of the [[foreskin ]] of the [[penis]], which permanently removes a significant portion of the epithelium of the [[penis ]] and destroys the significant and important [[Foreskin#Protective_functions| protective]], [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological]], [[Foreskin#Sexual_functions| sexual]], and [[Foreskin#Sexual_behavior| sensory]] physiological functions of that structure, and leaves the patient permanently and irreversibly impaired by the loss of those functions.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref>
==== Results of physical circumcision trauma ====
=== Psychic circumcision trauma ===
According to [[Marilyn Milos]], "every man who has a scar on his [[penis]] also has a scar on his psyche." The medical community , however, has been slow to recognize the trauma of [[circumcision]].<ref name="batterley2023" /> <ref name="goldman1999">{{REFjournal
|last=Goldman
|first=
}}
Boyle & Ramos (2019) reported [[PTSD]] in [[circumcised]] boys in the Philippine Islandswhere [[Tuli]] remains the usual practice.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J.
|accessdate=2023-05-18
}}</ref> Consent by a surrogate for a non-therapeutic circumcision is an unethical practice.
== Video ==<b>Circumcision: Trauma, Psychological Effects, Cultural Beliefs</b><youtube>v=lNItNHs9PR8&list=PLmrnvFzPoEloNFlh1lNKzig41vqprZnoc&index=1</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumstraint]]
|date=
|accessdate=2022-11-20
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://iaim.net/extreme-trauma-from-male-circumcision-causes-damage-to-areas-of-brain/#:~:text=Based%20on%20MRI%20data%20collected,and%20frontal%20and%20temporal%20lobes.
|title=Extreme trauma from male circumcision causes damage to areas of the brain
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=International Association of Infant Massage.
|date=2016-02-17
|accessdate=2024-03-14
}}
* {{REFweb
|accessdate=2022-11-14
}}
* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-trauma/ |title=Circumcision Trauma: The Invisible Elephant in the Room |last=Garrett |first=Connor |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-12-17 |accessdate=2023-12-31}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/ |title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-02-02 |accessdate=2024-02-09}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-trauma-in-bedroom/ |title=Severed Intimacy: Navigating Circumcision Trauma in The Bedroom |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |publisher=Intact America |date= |accessdate=2024-05-09}}
{{REF}}