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All circumcisions are injurious because they amputate a [http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ multi-functional body part], but in rare cases the benefit obtained by removing a deformed, diseased, or damaged foreskin may be of more value than the amputated [[foreskin]].
* Deformed foreskins — The common type of deformed foreskin is the narrow non-retractable foreskin of [[phimosis]]. Circumcision was the traditional treatment for phimosis, however circumcision is less performed today because newer conservative treatments are now available that preserve the [[foreskin ]] and its many useful functions.
* Diseased foreskins — Diseases for which circumcision may be indicated include [[Penile cancer|malignant tumor]],[[Balanitis xerotica obliterans| lichen sclerosis]], recurrent yeast infection in diabetic males (after conservative treatment fails),<ref name="verma2011">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> recurrent [[balanoposthitis]], and gangrene.
* Damaged foreskins — This includes any type of physical [[trauma ]] and injury that is beyond surgical repair. Zipper injury does not require circumcision.<ref name="flowerdew1977">{{REFjournal
|last=Flowerdew
|init=R
Masood et al. (2005) suggested "before circumcision, men should be warned of the long-term consequences (penile sensations and effect on erectile function) as well as be talked through the more traditional subjects (peri-operative complications)."<ref name="masood2005" />
Kim & Pang (2007) studied the effect of adult circumcision on 138 males in [[South Korea]]. They concluded:<blockquote>There were no significant differences in sexual drive, [[erection]], [[ejaculation]], and ejaculation latency time between [[circumcised ]] and [[uncircumcised ]] men. Masturbatory pleasure decreased after circumcision in 48% of the respondents, while 8% reported increased pleasure. Masturbatory difficulty increased after circumcision in 63% of the respondents but was easier in 37%. About 6% answered that their sex lives improved, while 20% reported a worse sex life after circumcision.<ref>{{KimDS PangMG 2007}}</ref>
</blockquote>
# The exposed [[glans penis]] will protect itself from friction by developing a layer of [[keratin]] and become cracked and hardened. The [[keratinization]] of the [[glans penis]] will reduce its sensitivity.
# There are possible [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| emotional issues]] secondary to a partial loss of the [[penis]] through circumcision.
==Financial considerations==
Medical insurance policies vary with the provider of insurance. Most will pay for circumcision only if it is done to treat a medical condition. When circumcision is carried out for cosmetic reasons or personal desire, it is very unlikely that medical insurance would pay. The cost of an adult circumcision would include a facility fee, a surgeon's fee, an anesthesiologist's fee, and pre-operative and post-operative care. Garrett (2024) says the cost may range from $1,650 to $6,450.<ref name="garrett2024-03-07">{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/adult-circumcision-cost/
|title=Adult Circumcision Cost: The Profit Motives and Hidden Toll
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-03-07
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}</ref>
==Warning==
{{LINKS}}
====Medical circumcision====
* {{REFjournal
|last=Holman
|first=
|init=JR
|author-link=
|last2=Stuessi
|first2=
|init2=KA
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Adult circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=American Family Physician
|location=
|date=1999-03-15
|season=
|volume=59
|issue=6
|article=
|page=
|pages=1514-18
|url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0315/p1514.html
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=10193593
|accessdate=2024-05-03
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Hammond
|url=https://intactamerica.org/adult-circumcision-cost/
|title=Adult Circumcision Cost: The Profit Motives and Hidden Toll
|last=AnonymousGarrett |first=Connor |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|init=
|publisher=Intact America