Changes

"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) , a major part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery.<ref name="garrett2023-11-10">{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/ |title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to) |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-11-10 |accessdate=2024-06-02}}</ref>

Cepeda'''Posthectomy''' is the more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.With reference to involuntary, non-Emiliani et altherapeutic circumcision of children, [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)]] is a newer term that has been introduced to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) commentedidentifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |init=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/ |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And Circumcision. |journal=Kindred |date=2023-02-28 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2023-03-01}}<blockquote/ref>Taking the sleve technique as an example of surgical flexibility during circumcision, to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that it allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from Deacon & Muir (2022) have reviewed the penile body, evidence and to the extent concluded that the prepuce "there is still conceived by segments of the no medical community as "just justification for performing a small piece of skin", we are concerned circumcision prior to an age that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric he can assess the known risks and adult patients in the belief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excisedpotential benefits, and choose to give or in the belief that "excesive sensitivitywithhold [[informed consent]] himself." is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="cepeda2023deacon2022">{{REFjournal |last=Cepeda-EmilianiDeacon |first=Matthew |init=AM |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=Gándara-Cortés Muir |first2=Gordon |init2=MG

|title=Immunohistological study of What is the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: gradient hypothesis |transmedical evidence on non-title=therapeutic child circumcision?

|date=20232022-0501-02 |volume=35 |issue=3 |article= |page= |pages=286-30508 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-022021-0056100502-9 |archived= |quote=y |pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID=34997197 |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022021-0056100502-9 y |accessdate=20232022-1101-2330

'''Posthectomy''' is a more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the injury and loss nineteenth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of functional body tissueboys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], but [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the Biblical [[euphemismUnited Kingdom]], . It has been gradually declining since 1985 in the [[United States]]. It has ''circumcisionnever'', been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision is more commonly usedclassified as a form of [[genital mutilation]].  == Historical background ==

With reference to involuntary, non-therapeutic circumcision The [[amputation]] of children, the [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)foreskin]] is a newer term that has been introduced very old ritual, whose exact origin cannot be verified beyond doubt. Circumcision is believed to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) identifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]]have originated in east Africa near the Red Sea well before the dawn of recorded history.<ref name="bollinger2023demeo1997">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=BollingerDeMeo |initfirst=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2year=1997 |init2= |author2-linktitle=The geography of sexual mutilations |url=https://kindredmediawww.org/2023academia.edu/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision4212007/The_Geography_of_Male_and_Female_Genital_Mutilations |titlework=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And Circumcision.Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy |journaleditors=KindredGeorge C. Denniston, Marilyn Milos |dateedition=2023-02-28

|issuechapter=

|location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=0-306-45589-7 |quote= |accessdate=20232021-0311-0113 |note=}}</ref>Medical historians assume that circumcision already served in ancient history as a way to control the sexuality of slaves and members of the lower classes without compromising their ability to reproduce. In religious history circumcision may be seen as a substitute for human sacrifice. In prehistoric times it was not uncommon to placate the gods with human sacrifice. Castration of slaves or conquered enemies was common as well. Following religious changes this sacrifice was altered, and only a part of the very organ responsible for the creation of new life was sacrificed.

Deacon & Muir (2022) have reviewed [[Image:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg|200px|right]] For the [[Aborigines]], the [[Australia| Australian]] natives, the evidence and concluded that "there tradition of circumcision is no medical justification for performing a circumcision prior said to go back to an age that he can assess 10,000 BC. On the known risks and potential benefitsAfrican continent, and choose the first circumcisions are assumed to have emerged around 6000 BC. From ancient Egypt hints of various forms of circumcision date back to give or withhold [[informed consent]] himselfthe time around 3000-2000 BC."The oldest known depiction<ref name="deacon2022">{{REFjournal |last=Deacon |first=Matthew |init=M |author-link= |last2=Muir |first2=Gordon |init2=G |author2-link= |etal=no |title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? |journal= Int J Impot Res |date=2022-01-08REFweb |url=https://wwwcommons.naturewikimedia.comorg/articleswiki/s41443-021-00502-yFile:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg |pubmedIDtitle=34997197 |DOI=10File:Circumcision Sakkara 3.1038/s41443-021-00502-y jpg |accessdate=20222019-0110-3012}}</ref>is an Egyptian tomb relief from the 6th dynasty, approximately 2300-2000 BC. It is not known precisely who was circumcised and why in those times. In many cultures circumcision during puberty serves as a rite of passage, bringing adolescents into the community. As with other painful or humiliating initiation rites, proof of courage and mastering of critical situations are the key motivations. From some African tribes it is also known that the [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] is seen as the removal of an inborn piece of femininity from the boys, thus making them men. ===Judaism===

The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys has greatly declined in In [[AustraliaJudaism]], the tradition of [[CanadaBrit Milah| circumcision]], goes back to the [[New ZealandAbrahamic covenant]] and in a passage in the [[United Kingdom]]Book of Genesis (17:10-14). It has been gradually declining since 1985 in was seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the [[United States]]patriarch Abraham.<ref name="garrett2023-11-10" /> The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned.

{{Citation |Text=10 This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be circumcised. 11 You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, they must be circumcised. My covenant in your flesh is to be an everlasting covenant. 14 Any [[uncircumcised]] male, who has not been circumcised in the flesh, will be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.” |Author= Historical background =Bible |Source=Gen 17, 10-14, NIV}}

The According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the [[Jewish circumcision| Jewish form of circumcision]], called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''[[amputationperiah]] '', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[foreskin]] is a very old ritual, whose exact origin cannot be verified beyond doubt. Circumcision is believed to have originated in east Africa near from the Red Sea well before the dawn of recorded history.<ref name="demeo1997">{{REFbook [[Glans penis|last=DeMeo |first= |author-link= |year=1997 |title=The geography of sexual mutilations |url=https://wwwglans]].academia.edu/4212007/The_Geography_of_Male_and_Female_Genital_Mutilations |work=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy |editors=George C. DennistonThis was only added around 135 AD, Marilyn Milos |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages= |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=0-306-45589-7 |quote= |accessdate=2021-11-13 |note=}}</ref> Medical historians assume that circumcision already served in ancient history as a way to control the sexuality of slaves and members of the lower classes without compromising their ability to reproduce. In religious history circumcision may be seen as a substitute for human sacrifice. In prehistoric times make it was not uncommon almost impossible to placate restore the [[foreskin]] by [[stretching]], which became popular in the gods with human sacrifice. Castration wake of slaves or conquered enemies was common as wellHellenic influence. Following religious changes this sacrifice was altered, and While originally only a part the tip of the very organ responsible for [[foreskin]] was cut off, ''[[periah]]'' removes the creation of new life was sacrificedentire [[foreskin]].

In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Image:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpgGlans penis|200px|rightglans]] For was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[Aboriginesmohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an [[Australia| Australianinfection]] with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]] natives, the tradition 10 of circumcision is said whom had to go back to 10be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage,000 BCtwo others died. On In the African continent12th century, the first circumcisions are assumed to have emerged around 6000 BC. From ancient Egypt hints of various forms of Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision date back to the time around 3000-2000 BC. The oldest known depiction<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg |title=File:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> is an Egyptian tomb relief from the 6th dynastywas necessary, approximately 2300-2000 BC. It is not known precisely who was circumcised as it diminished sexual desires and why in those timesreduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.

In many cultures circumcision during puberty serves as a rite of passage, bringing adolescents into the community. As with other painful or humiliating initiation rites, proof of courage and mastering of critical situations are the key motivations. From some African tribes it is also known that the [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] is seen as the removal of an inborn piece of femininity from the boys, thus making them men. ===Judaism=== In [[Judaism]], the tradition of [[Brit Milah| circumcision]] goes back to the [[Abrahamic covenant]] in a passage in the Book of Genesis (17:10-14). It is seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned. {{Citation |Text=10 This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be circumcised. 11 You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, they must be circumcised. My covenant in your flesh is to be an everlasting covenant. 14 Any [[uncircumcised]] male, who has not been circumcised in the flesh, will be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.” |Author=Bible |Source=Gen 17, 10-14, NIV}} According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the [[Jewish circumcision| Jewish form of circumcision]], called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''[[periah]]'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[foreskin]] from the [[Glans penis|glans]]. This was only added around 135 AD, to make it almost impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by [[stretching]], which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influence. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut off, ''[[periah]]'' removes the entire [[foreskin]].  In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction. ===Christianity===Jesus was born into a Jewish family in [[Israel]], where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[circumcised]] on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB |title=Gospel of Luke |last=Luke |first= |publisher=NASB

In Christianity, circumcision is practiced only in the Coptic churchesdenomination. There is no general belief that circumcision is a requirement of Christianity.<ref name="hill2004">{{REFweb

Even the mere existence of a [[foreskin]] was falsoly linked to many illnesses. Among them one could find syphilis, epilepsy, paralysis of the spine, bed wetting, scoliosis (spinal deformity), paralysis of the bladder, club foot, nerve pain in the lower abdomen, tuberculosis and lazy eye. One of the best known advocates of child circumcision was [[John Harvey Kellogg]], co-inventor of the corn flakes bearing his name. In 1888, he wrote:

The [[United States]] and [[Israel ]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].

There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for circumcision of the newborn. The [[circumcision industry ]] offers circumcision of the newborn to the public because of the [[financial incentive]].

Some people claim that circumcision has prophylactic benefits. Especially in the [[USA ]] those arguments have persisted for more then a 100 years, with ever changing diseases circumcision is said to protect against. At first, these were diseases where [[masturbation]] was believed to be the cause. After bacteria and viruses had been discovered, arguments changed, and one after another miscellaneous diseases were cited.

}}</ref>, which found a higher rate of infection with bacterial venereal diseases in [[circumcised ]] than in [[intact ]] men.* The studies by Fleiss et al. (1998) support this.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> According to the [[AAP]], the general sexual behaviour of the male - — such as frequent change in partners and the use of condoms - — has a much higher impact on sexually transmitted diseases then the circumcision status.<ref>{{REFjournal

The fact that the [[USA ]] has both the highest rate percentage of [[circumcised]] males in the western world, as well as the highest [[HIV]] infection rate, makes the studies look dubious. Besides that, several other studies concluded that circumcision does not have a significant impact on the risk of infection with [[HIV]].<ref>{{REFjournal

}}</ref> found that, during the first 6 years of life, the incidence of UTIs [[UTI]]s in boys was 1.8%, but in girls was 6.6%. UTIs are less common in boys after the first year of life. Mueller et al. <ref>{{REFjournal

* Other studies suggest that circumcision is more likely to raise than to lower the generally low risk of acquiring UTI: multiple studies from [[Israel ]] showed a strong correlation between ritual circumcision on the 8th day of life and postoperative UTI.<ref>{{REFjournal

* It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs[[UTI]].

In the past, this circumstance was used to make it harder for boys to masturbate and [[masturbation]] less fun, as [[masturbation]] was viewed as immoral and was assumed to cause a variety of mental diseases, caused by the thinking of immoral thoughts! More on that can be found in the chapter "[[Circumcision#Historical_background|Historical background]]". Today, it is known that [[masturbation]] has no negative health effects, but can contribute positively to the child's sexual development. Sexuality is no longer a taboo nowadays, while [[masturbation]] is considered to be a natural part of human sexuality and is no longer seen as immoral. Therefore, circumcision for moral reasons - — which would only affect boys too young to give [[informed consent]] - — is no longer justifiable nowadays.

One should note that the human [[foreskin ]] is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/> The [[glans penis ]] receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal

In western industrial nations, however, this problem does not exist, in view of the availability of clean water for daily personal hygiene. If the cleaning of the genitals is performed on a daily basis - — and that may be assumed - — no pathogens can accumulate under the [[foreskin]]. Cleaning of the [[Glans penis|glans]] and the area [[preputial sac]] underneath the [[foreskin]] is easy - — they are simply [[Preputial_sac#Washing| washed with warm water along with the rest of the body]], just like the areas between the toes.

In small boys, where the [[foreskin]] cannot be retracted yet, cleaning is not necessary, since the [[Synechia| membrane]] that fuses the [[foreskin]] to the [[Glans penis|glans]] prevents the accumulation of micro-organisms. The so-called "[[Ballooning of the foreskin| ballooning]]", where the [[foreskin]] inflates during urination, is not a serious problemconcern.

But even in areas where there are poorer hygienic conditions and an insufficient access to medical care, the benefits of easier cleaning of a [[circumcised ]] [[penis]] are to be viewed with a critical eye. Although even longer periods without personal hygiene will not result in an accumulation of germs under the [[foreskin]], circumcision itself is not without risk of complications. If the operation is carried out without proper sterility, there is a high risk of an [[infection]] of the wound. This also applies to the treatment of common complications like post-operative [[bleeding]].

The benefit of easier cleaning must be balanced against the risk of promoting serious infections - — among others [[HIV]] - — during the operation. In parts of Africa, several dozen of one tribe's boys die each year as a result of their circumcision.

== Pain ==It is too dangerous to administer general anesthesia to newborn infants, so infant boys experience severe pain during circumcision.<ref name="garrett2024-01-09">{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/disadvantages-of-circumcision/ |title=10 Disadvantages of Circumcision & Horrifying Facts |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett |publisher= Risks and late effects Intact America |date=2024-01-09 |accessdate=3034-06-04}}</ref>Just like tonsil or appendix surgeryIn the past, advocates of circumcision is claimed that a surgical intervention newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and brings that as a result, the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effectschild felt no [[pain]] during the circumcision procedure. Uberoi et al[[Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand| Anand]] & Hickey (20221987) report "some men are experiencing a complex negative constellation of psychological, physicalhave shown that newborn children do in fact feel [[pain]], and sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externallymore acutely than adults. The posts also reveal a discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by others to modify their genitals."<ref name ="uberoi2022anand-hickey1987">{{REFjournal |last=UberoiAnand |first= |init=MKJS |author-link=Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand |last2=AbdulcadirHickey |first2= |init2=JPR

|last3=Ohi |first3= |init3=DA |author3-link= |last4=Santiago |first4= |init4=JE |author4-link= |last5= |first5= |init5= |author5-link= |last6= |first6= |init6= |author6-link= |last7= |first7= |init7= |author7-link= |last8= |first8= |init8= |author8-link= |last9= |first9= |init9= |author9-link= |etal=yesno |title=Potentially under-recognized late-stage physical Pain and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a qualitative its effects in the human neonate and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online community forumfetus

|journal=Int New Engl J Impot ResMed

|date=20221987-1011-2319 |volume=317 |issue= |article= |page=21 |pages=1321-9 |url=https://www.naturecirp.comorg/articleslibrary/pain/anand/s41443-022-00619-8 |archived= |quote=However, in decisions about the use of these techniques, current knowledge suggests that humane considerations should apply as forcefully to the care of neonates and young, nonverbal infants as they do to children and adults in similar painful and stressful situations. |pubmedID=362741893317037

|DOI=10.10381056/s41443-022-00619-8NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=20232019-0111-08}}</ref>This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the [[pain]] of circumcision in infants.

=== Possible operative and postoperative complications === The [https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision generally may be classified as considerable evidence that newborns who are [[Bleeding| hemorrhagecircumcised]]without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, [[infection]]the pain is quite severe, or surgical misadventure up to and including loss requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and Acetaminophen ''"cannot be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"the analgesic effect is limited during the penis and [[death]]phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...<ref name=tightening of the clamp"deacon2022" />''.<ref name="williams-kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=Williams |init=N |author-linkfirst= |last2=Kapilla |init2=L |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Complications American Academy of circumcision |trans-title= |language=Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on Circumcision |journal=Brit J Surg |location=Pediatrics |date=19931999-1003 |volume=80103 |issue=103 |pages=1231686-693 |url=https://wwwpediatrics.cirpaappublications.org/librarycontent/103/complications3/williams686#sec-kapila/9 |quoteaccessdate=2019-11-26 |pubmedID=8242285 |pubmedCIDnote= |DOI=10Statement Reaffirmed Sept.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-271, 2005

* Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics usedThe [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirp.* Especially in newbornsorg/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper], where the bodily ''"Newborns experience pain reduction mechanisms are during circumcision".''<ref>{{REFweb |title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed |website=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website |url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet fully developed, local anaesthesia it is often insufficient not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the infant does not feel [[penispain]], the rate and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even anesthesia for experienced anaesthetists infant circumcision is still 5by no means the rule. Penile injections of local anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions if a circumcision is to be performed. In their [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml Report 10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newbornsof the Council on Scientific Affairs], however, poses significant risks for the child, and, therefore, AMA states ''"When the decision is only likely made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be used in emergenciesprovided for the procedure. [[Ring block]] or [[dorsal penile nerve block]] [injections] are most effective. A surgical operation without proper [[painEMLA]] control can lead to cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the development use of a specific pain memorylocal anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and 25% of obstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFweb |title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision |website=American Medical Association Official Website |url=http://www.spiegelama-assn.deorg/spiegelama/vorabno-index/experteabout-warntama/13585.shtml |accessdate=2011-rituelle05-beschneidung04}}</ref> The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-veraendertstages/prenatal/decisions-dasto-gehirnmake/pages/Where-derWe-kinderStand-a-849534Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.html<ref>{{REFweb |title=KinderschmerzWhere We Stand: Circumcision |publisher=[[AAP]] |date=2011-03-Experte warnt23 |url=http: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder//www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx |transaccessdate=2019-10-title=Children12}}</ref> Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection. Given what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''s "Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to [[pain expert warns: Ritual ]] during circumcision changes ."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the brain doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of childrendoctors in general. One may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement. To control [[pain]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,<ref>{{REFweb |languagequote=GermanTo calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room. |lasturl=Profhttp://www. Drpollockclinics. medcom/circumcision/circumcision-guide. Boris Zernikowhtml |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision |last=

|publisher=Spiegel Online |website= |date=2012-08-12 |accessdate=20192011-1004-11 |format= |quote=08}}</ref>. In unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation. Overall, their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain increased. Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient or no anaesthetic are still common practice<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=GarryDuring the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |initurl=Thttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html |title=Before the Circumcision: a survey of fees and practices |journallast=OBG Management |datefirst=1994 |volumepublisher=October |issuedate= |pages=342011-04-6 |url=08 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>a topical cream,<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=HowardThen in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. |initurl=CRhttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html |last2title=HowardBefore the Circumcision |init2last=FM |last3first=Garfunkel |init3publisher=LC |last4date=de Blieck2011-04-08 |init4accessdate=EA2011-04-08 |last5=Weitzman}}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFweb |init5quote=MWe use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. |titleurl=Neonatal http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision and pain relief: current training practices-guide.html |journaltitle=PediatricsParents' Guide to Circumcision |datelast=1998 |volumefirst=101 |issuepublisher= |pages=423-8 |urldate= |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a [[dorsal penile nerve block]] is only partially effective in stopping the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]].<refname="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=StangTaeusch |initfirst=HJH. William |last2init=SnellmanHW |init2last2=LWMartinez |titlefirst2=Circumcision practice patterns in the United StatesAlma M. |journalinit2=PediatricsAM |datelast3=1998Partridge |volumefirst3=101J. Colin |issueinit3=e5JC |pageslast4=Sniderman |urlfirst4=Susan |accessdateinit4=S |notelast5=Link to [[AAP]] website}}</ref>. During procedures which take several minutes, babies tend to fall into a state of stupor, which in the past was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, nurturing the belief that babies felt no pain. Measurements taken in those cases revealed a typically 3Armstrong- to 4-fold increase in cortisol levels, which equals a state of severe [[shock]].<ref>{{REFjournalWells |lastfirst5=GunnarJennifer |initinit5=MRJ |last2last6=FischFuentes-Afflick |init2first6=ROElena |last3=Korsvik |init3init6=S |last4=Donhowe |init4=JME |title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behaviorPain During Mogen or Plastibell Circumcision |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |date=1981Journal of Perinatology |volume=622

|pages=269214-758 |url=httpshttp://www.cirpnature.orgcom/libraryjp/journal/v22/n3/full/7210653a.html |quote=...more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/gunnardiscomfort over the course of the entire procedure. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |note=April/May 2002 |date=2002-04 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref><ref name="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=Williamson* Postoperative wound pain, in the case of children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions |first=Paul S.* Postoperative pain from the exposure of the sensitive glans penis |init=PS |last2=Evans |first2=Nolan Donovan |init2=ND |title=Neonatal Cortisol Response to clothingCircumcision with Anesthesia |journal=Clinical Pediatrics |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=412-6 |url=http://cpj. This pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some casessagepub.com/content/25/8/412.abstract* Postoperative [[bleeding]] |quote=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by the administration of the woundlidocaine. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=1986-08 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> During circumcision, if they are not treated promptly. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers to "reduce the perception of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemiapain", hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even death.<ref>{{REFbookREFweb |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html |title=Before the Circumcision

|yearpublisher=2000 |titledate=Paediatric Handbook2011-04-08 |urlaccessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name="Lancet, The 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |worklast=Slater |editorsfirst=Smart J, Nolan T.Rebeccah |editioninit=6R |volumefirst2=Laura |chapterinit2=L |pagelast2=82Cornelissen |locationfirst3={{AUSC|VIC}}, AustraliaLorenzo |publisherinit3=Blackwell Science AsiaL |isbnlast3=Fabrizi |quotefirst4=Debbie |accessdateinit4=D |notelast4=}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocumentPatten |titlefirst5=Autopsy of Demetrius MankerJan |urlinit5=J |contributionlast5=Case 93-1711Yoxen |lastfirst6=WetliAlan |firstinit6=CVA |publisherlast6=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner DepartmentWorley |formatfirst7=Stewart |dateinit7=1993-06-23S |accessdatelast7=}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournalBoyd |lastfirst8=HissJudith |initinit8=J |last2last8=HorowitzMeek |init2first9=AMaria |last3init9=KahanaM |init3last9=TProf. Fitzgerald |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcisionOral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial |journal=J Clin Forensic Med |date=2000The Lancet |volume=7376 |issue=9748 |pages=1225-32-4 |url=httpshttp://www.cirpthelancet.orgcom/libraryjournals/deathlancet/hiss1article/ |accessdate=2019PIIS0140-116736%2810%2961303-06}}<7/ref><ref>{{REFdocumentfulltext |titlequote=Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillisOur data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |url=http://wwwand therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug.circumstitions.com/death-exsangThe ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.html |contributionpubmedID= |lastpubmedCID=Newell |first=TEC |publisher=Burnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |formatDOI= |date=20042010-0110-1909 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Post -operative [[lymphoedema]]pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.* Postoperative It has been shown that an infant's response to [[Infection| infectionspain]]. This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatmentaltered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{REFconference |last=Dr. med. Hartmann |first=Wolfgang |url= |place=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |title=Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=2012-11-26 |accessdate=TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]]{{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>However, meaning the separation none of the edges above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of the wound or the tissue after suturingthose analgesic procedures.* Adhesion between the surface or rim Prevention of the [[Glans penis|glanspain]] with requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the neighbouring medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[penile skinpain]], causing or [[skintrauma]] pockets .</b></big>}} == Risks and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results effects ==Just like uneven scarstonsil or appendix surgery, which make circumcision is a resurgical intervention and brings the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effects.<ref name="garrett2024-01-circumcision necessary09" /> Uberoi et al.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: (2022) report "some men are experiencing a phimotic ring can develop during scarringcomplex negative constellation of psychological, physical, which makes a re-circumcision necessaryand sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externally. According to The posts also reveal a study discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by Blalock et alothers to modify their genitals."<refname ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal |last=BlalockUberoi |first= |init=HJM |author-link= |last2=VemulakondaAbdulcadir |first2= |init2=VJ |author2-link= |last3=RitcheyOhi |first3= |init3=MLDA |author3-link= |last4=RibbeckSantiago |first4= |init4=MJE |author4-link= |last5= |titlefirst5=Outpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journalinit5=J Urol |dateauthor5-link=2003 |volumelast6=169 |issuefirst6=6 |pagesinit6=2332 |author6-4link= |urllast7= |first7=https://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ |accessdateinit7=2019 |author7-11link= |last8= |first8= |init8= |author8-26link=}}</ref>, the prevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |last9= |first9= |init9= |lastauthor9-link=Leitch |initetal=IOWyes |title=Circumcision Potentially under- recognized late-stage physical and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a continuing enigmaqualitative and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online community forum |trans-title= |language= |journal=Aust Paediatr Int JImpot Res |location= |date=19702022-10-23 |volume=6

|pagesarticle=59-65 |urlpage=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdatepages=2019-12-15}}</ref> 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcision without being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1, which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb |url=httphttps://www.nytimesnature.com/2012articles/03/08/nyregion/infantss41443-death022-renews00619-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual.html?_r8 |archived=0 |titlequote=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual |lastpubmedID=Robbins36274189 |firstpubmedCID=Liz |dateDOI=201210.1038/s41443-03022-0700619-8 |accessdate=20192023-1001-1108

=== Physical late effects ===* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Circumcision scar]] is an invariable effect.* An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. <ref name="garrett2024-01-09" /> This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised]] compared to [[intact]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).

=== Psychological late Sexual effects === [[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late Cepeda-Emiliani et al (2023) cited six reports in the literature of detrimental effects]] are also possible after a of circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhood. On this occasion a variety of [[trauma]] may occurincluding erectile function, sensation, which dependmasturbatory pleasure, among othersorgasm, on age and circumstances sexual satisfaction. The authors also cited three studies of the circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehand, if he was severe distress in [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consentmen, and also, in the case of due to their infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects with complaints of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men[[glans]] insensitivity, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed. * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without delayed [[painejaculation]] control, had a disturbed bond with their motherand unpleasant sensation.<refname="cepeda2023">{{REFjournal |last=MarshallCepe da-Emiliani |first= |init=REA |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=PorterGándara-Cortés |first2= |init2=FLM |author2-link= |last3=RogersOtero-Alén |first3= |init3=AGM |author3-link= |last4=García |first4= |init4=H |author4-link= |last5=Suárez-Quintanilla |first5= |init5=J |author5-link= |last6=García-Caballero |first6= |init6=T |author6-link= |last7=Gallego |first7= |init7=R |author7-link= |last8=García-Caballero |first8= |init8=R |author8-link= |etal=yesno |title=CircumcisionImmunohistological study of the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: II effects upon mothergradient hypothesis |trans-infant interactiontitle= |language= |journal=Early Hum DevInt J Impot Res |location= |date=19822023-05-02 |volume=735 |issue=43 |article= |page= |pages=367286-74305 |url=https://www.cirpnature.orgcom/libraryarticles/birth/marshall2s41443-022-00561-9 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00561-9 |accessdate=20202023-0211-0126}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking.

* In boys Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivity.<ref name="garrett2024-01-09" /><ref name="cepeda2023" /> <ref name="winkleman1959">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as well." The [[circumcisedamputation]] of the prepuce results in childhood, [[postthe loss of the majority of fine-traumatic stress disorder]] (touch neuroreceptors found in the [[PTSDpenis]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to leaving only the operation, 69% uninhibited protopathic sensibility of the boys artificially externalized [[circumcisedglans penis]] in . The imbalance caused by not having the input from the traditional ritual and 51% now ablated fine-touch receptors may be a leading cause of those the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] by standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operationhuman males.<ref>{{REFbookREFjournal |last=RamosVan Howe |init=SRS |last2author-link=BoyleRobert S. Van Howe |init2last2=GJCold |yearinit2=2001CJ |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional ProblemAdvantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |work= |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |editionjournal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=277 |chapterissue=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder13 |pages=2531052-707 |locationurl=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academichttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/Plenum Publishers |isbn=9218663

|accessdatepubmedID=9218663 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=1997-04-02 |noteaccessdate=

* Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings Histology of helplessness and alienation, which can persist as the male circumcision scar shows [[traumaamputation]]neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation and the bulbous collection of variably sized neurites. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcisedAmputation]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation and are notorious for generating pain.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"/> Cepeda-Emiliani et al. (2023) commented:<blockquote> Taking the sleve technique as an infant becomes aware example of his surgical flexibility during circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that it allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from the motherpenile body, 50% and to the extent that the prepuce is still conceived by segments of the fathermedical community as "just a small piece of skin", we are concerned that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric and 58% by adult patients in the doctorbelief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excised, and 73% felt or in the belief that their [[human rights]] had been violated"excesive sensitivity" is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="GSoCHcepeda2023"/>{{REFweb |url=http://www.circumcisionharm.org</blockquote> |title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harm |accessdate=2019The un-10anesthetized and un-12}}</ref>* It can frequently be found that sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the loss [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is deniedmost often an elective, much as happens with non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the loss of other body parts. This denial can lead child's [[human rights]] to fathers having their sons [[circumcisedphysical integrity]] , but in order not to older patients may be reminded of their own lossrarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. In this process It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], their own body refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is defined as "normal" and the contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.  See [[foreskinSexual effects of circumcision]] redefined as a foreign objectfor more information. Their own parents  === Psychological effects ===[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects]] are seen as "good"also possible after a circumcision, so that this image is projected onto especially if the circumcision their parents operation was carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intactchildhood. The father wants to be a <ref name="goodgarrett2024-01-09" father later in life as well/> On this occasion a variety of [[trauma]] may occur, which depend, among others, on age and so, following an idealised image circumstances of his own parentsthe circumcision. For example, whether the circumcisiontook place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, which if the individual has been redefined as a "good thing"informed about the operation beforehand, is passed on to his son by having him if he was [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consent, and also, in the case of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as wellas the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref> * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without [[pain]] control, had a disturbed bond with their mother<ref>{{REFjournal |last=GoldmanMarshall |init=RRE |last2=Porter |init2=FL |last3=Rogers |author-linkinit3=Ronald GoldmanAG |urletal=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/yes |title=The psychological impact of circumcisionCircumcision: II effects upon mother-infant interaction |journal=BJU IntEarly Hum Dev |date=19991982 |volume=837 |issue=Suppl. 14 |pages=93367-10374 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/ |accessdate=20192020-1002-1201}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking. * If the In boys [[circumcised]] male feels incompletein childhood, [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] ([[PTSD]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, or due in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to the missing operation, 69% of the boys [[foreskincircumcised]] disadvantaged compared to in the traditional ritual and 51% of those [[intactcircumcised]] males, an inferiority complex and depression may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the deficiency may remain completely subconsciousoperation.<ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=RhinehartRamos |init=JS |last2=Boyle |init2=GJ |year=2001 |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem |url=https://wwwlink.cirpspringer.orgcom/librarychapter/psych/rhinehart110.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |titlework=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered |journaleditors=Transactional Analysis J[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |dateedition=1999 |volume=29 |issuechapter=3Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |pages=215253-2170 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=}}</ref>* Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings of helplessness and alienation, which can persist as [[trauma]]. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcised]] as an infant becomes aware of his circumcision. In an online study, 75% of those interviewed men stated that they felt incompletebetrayed - 55% by the mother, 50% by the father, and 58% by the doctor, and 6673% said they felt inferior compared with that their [[intacthuman rights]] maleshad been violated.<ref name="GSoCH"/>* Cases in which children felt ill treated or punished have been documented as well. G. Cansever found in her study on 12 boys aged between 4 and 7 years, who had previously been prepared for their impending circumcision, that the children experienced the operation as an aggressive assault on their bodies.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Cansever |init=G |date=1965REFweb |url=httpshttp://www.cirpcircumcisionharm.org/library/psych/cansever/ |title=Psychological effects Global Survey of circumcision |journal=Brit. J. Med. Psychol |volume=38 |pages=321-31Circumcision Harm

* Fear It can frequently be found that the loss is denied, much as happens with the loss of being alone or darknessother body parts.This denial can lead to fathers having their sons [[circumcised]] in order not to be reminded of their own loss. In this process, their own body is defined as "normal" and the [[foreskin]] redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good", so that this image is projected onto the circumcision their parents carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, and so, following an idealised image of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him [[circumcised]] as well.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref><ref name="Levy1945">{{REFjournal |last=LevyGoldman |firstinit=David M.R |initauthor-link=DMRonald Goldman |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/levy1goldman1/ |title=Psychic trauma The psychological impact of operations in children; and a note on combat neurosiscircumcision |journal=American Journal of Diseases of ChildrenBJU Int |date=1999 |volume=6983 |dateissue=1945Suppl. 1 |pages=793-25103

* Fear of doctors, clinics and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>* Relapse into If the state of bed-wetting[[circumcised]] male feels incomplete, even if or due to the child was already dry before.<ref name="Levy1945"/>* Circumcised males who become fathers frequently manifest missing [[adamant father syndromeforeskin]]. disadvantaged compared to [[Intact Americaintact]] (2019) called circumcision males, an inferiority complex and [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experiencedepression]]may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness,or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocumentREFjournal |last=Rhinehart |titleinit=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experienceJ |url=httphttps://adversechildhoodexperienceswww.netcirp.org/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdflibrary/psych/rhinehart1/ |title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered |journal=Transactional Analysis J |date=1999 |volume=29 |lastissue=Bollinger3 |firstpages=Dan215-21 |authoraccessdate=2019-link10-12}}</ref>. In an online study, 75% of those interviewed stated that they felt incomplete, and 66% said they felt inferior compared with [[intact]] males.<ref name="GSoCH"/>* Cases in which children felt ill treated or punished have been documented as well. G. Cansever found in her study on 12 boys aged between 4 and 7 years, who had previously been prepared for their impending circumcision, that the children experienced the operation as an aggressive assault on their bodies.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Dan BollingerCansever |last2init=ChapinG |first2date=Georganne1965 |author2-linkurl=Georganne Chapinhttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/ |publishertitle=Intact AmericaPsychological effects of circumcision |locationjournal=TarrytownBrit. J. Med. Psychol |formatvolume=PDF38 |datepages=2019321-0831 |accessdate=20212019-1110-0212

* Fear of being alone or darkness.<ref name="Levy1945">{{REFjournal |last=Levy |first=David M. |init=DM |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/levy1/ |title=Psychic trauma of operations in children; and a note on combat neurosis |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=69 |date=1945 |pages=7-25 |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>* Fear of doctors, clinics and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>* Relapse into the state of bed-wetting, even if the child was already dry before.<ref name="Levy1945"/>* [[Circumcised]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]]. [[Intact America]] (2019) called circumcision an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]],<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument |title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience |url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Chapin |first2=Georganne |author2-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |location=Tarrytown |format=PDF |date=2019-08 |accessdate=2021-11-02}}</ref> 

=== Pain Possible operative and postoperative complications ===In the past, advocates Circumcision is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision claimed that a newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and that generally may be classified as a result[[Bleeding| hemorrhage]], the child felt no [[paininfection]] during , or surgical misadventure up to and including loss of the circumcision procedure. Anand & Hickey (1987) have shown that newborn children do in fact feel penis and [[paindeath]], and more acutely than adults.<ref name="ananddeacon2022" /><ref name="williams-hickey1987kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=AnandWilliams |firstinit=N

|last2=HickeyKapilla |first2init2=L

|title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetusComplications of circumcision

|journal=New Engl Brit J MedSurg

|date=19871993-11-1910 |volume=31780 |issue=2110 |pages=13211231-96 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/paincomplications/anandwilliams-kapila/

|pubmedID=33170378242285

|DOI=10.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-0827}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the pain of circumcision in infants.

The [https://www* Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is considerable evidence that * Especially in newborns who , where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developed, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the [[circumcisedpenis]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, the pain rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is quite severestill 5-10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newborns, however, and requires injections poses significant risks for proper pain management. Sucrose the child, and Acetaminophen ''"cannot , therefore, is only likely to be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''used in emergencies. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening development of the clamp"''.a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/vorab/experte-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirn-der-kinder-a-849534.html |title=Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=Children's pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes the brain of children |language=German |last=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow

|titlepublisher=American Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on CircumcisionSpiegel Online |journalwebsite=Pediatrics |date=19992012-08-0312 |volumeaccessdate=103 |issue=3 |pages=6862019-93 |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec10-911 |accessdateformat=2019-11-26 |notequote=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 2005}}</ref> The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirpIn unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation.org/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper]Overall, ''"Newborns experience their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain during circumcision"increased.''Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient or no anaesthetic are still common practice<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Garry |init=T |title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmeda survey of fees and practices |journal=OBG Management |date=1994 |volume=October |issue= |websitepages=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website34-6 |url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. Penile injections of anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions. In their [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. Ring block or dorsal penile blocks [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and 25% of obstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Howard |init=CR |last2=Howard |init2=FM |last3=Garfunkel |init3=LC |last4=de Blieck |init4=EA |last5=Weitzman |init5=M |title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99)Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: Neonatal Circumcisioncurrent training practices |journal=Pediatrics |date=1998 |volume=101 |issue= |websitepages=American Medical Association Official Website423-8 |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref> The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Stang |init=HJ |last2=Snellman |init2=LW |title=Where We Stand: Circumcisionpractice patterns in the United States |publisherjournal=[[AAP]]Pediatrics |date=2011-03-231998 |volume=101 |issue=e5 |pages= |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=Link to [[AAP]] website}}</ref> Be that as it may. During procedures which take several minutes, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections babies tend to choose from, and the website does not go fall into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection. Given what is known from aforementioned official documentsstate of stupor, which in the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesiapast was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on nurturing the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to belief that babies felt no pain during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors Measurements taken in general. One may not expect those cases revealed a typically 3- to find this kind of advice on such a website4-fold increase in cortisol levels, and yet, anything less than this is which equals a dangerously weak statement. To control state of severe [[painshock]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |quotelast=Gunnar |init=MR |last2=Fisch |init2=RO |last3=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room.Korsvik |urlinit3=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.htmlS |titlelast4=Parents' Guide to CircumcisionDonhowe |lastinit4=JM |firsttitle=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior |publisherjournal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |date=1981 |accessdatevolume=2011-04-086}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |issue=3 |quotepages=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions.269-75 |url=httphttps://www.pollockclinicscirp.comorg/library/pain/circumcisiongunnar/circumcision-before.html |titleaccessdate=Before 2019-11-26}}</ref>* Postoperative wound pain, in the case of children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions.* Postoperative pain from the exposure of the sensitive glans penis to clothing. This pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some cases.* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the Circumcisionwound. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptly. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even death.<ref>{{REFbook

|publisheryear=2000 |datetitle=2011-04-08Paediatric Handbook |accessdateurl=2011-04-08}}</ref> a topical cream,<ref>{{REFweb |work= |quoteeditors=Then in our officeSmart J, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penisNolan T. |urledition=6 |volume=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html |titlechapter=Before the Circumcision |lastpage=82 |firstlocation={{AUSC|VIC}}, Australia |publisher=Blackwell Science Asia |dateisbn= |quote=2011-04-08 |accessdate=2011-04-08 |note=}}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFwebREFdocument |quotetitle=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection.Autopsy of Demetrius Manker |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |titlecontribution=Parents' Guide to CircumcisionCase 93-1711 |last=Wetli |first=CV |publisher=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner Department |format= |date=1993-06-23 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcision.<ref name="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=TaeuschHiss |firstinit=H. WilliamJ |initlast2=HWHorowitz |last2init2=MartinezA |first2last3=Alma M.Kahana |init2init3=AMT |last3title=PartridgeFatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |first3journal=J. ColinClin Forensic Med |init3date=JC2000 |last4volume=Sniderman7 |first4issue=Susan |init4pages=S32-4 |last5url=Armstrong-Wellshttps://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/ |first5accessdate=Jennifer2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument |init5title=JJudgement of inquiry into the death of McWillis, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |last6url=Fuenteshttp://www.circumstitions.com/death-Afflickexsang.html |first6contribution=Elena |init6last=ENewell |titlefirst=Pain During Mogen or Plastibell CircumcisionTEC |journalpublisher=Journal of PerinatologyBurnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |volumeformat=22 |issuedate=32004-01-19 |pagesaccessdate=2142019-811-26 |url=http:}}<//wwwref>* Post operative [[lymphoedema]].nature* Postoperative [[Infection| infections]].com/jp/journal/v22/n3/full/7210653aThis includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatment.html<ref>{{REFconference |quotelast=Dr.med..more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/discomfort over the course of the entire procedure.Hartmann |pubmedIDfirst=Wolfgang |pubmedCIDurl= |DOIplace=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |notetitle=April/May 2002Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=20022012-0411-26 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]], meaning the separation of the edges of the wound or the tissue after suturing.* Adhesion between the surface or rim of the [[Glans penis|glans]] with the neighbouring [[penile skin]], causing [[skin]] pockets and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results like uneven scars, which make a re-circumcision necessary.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: a phimotic ring can develop during scarring, which makes a re-circumcision necessary. According to a study by Blalock et al.<ref name="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=WilliamsonBlalock |init=HJ |last2=Vemulakonda |firstinit2=Paul S.V |initlast3=PSRitchey |last2init3=EvansML |first2last4=Nolan DonovanRibbeck |init2init4=NDM |title=Neonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with AnesthesiaOutpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journal=Clinical PediatricsJ Urol |date=2003 |volume=25169 |issue=86 |pages=4122332-64 |url=httphttps://cpjwww.sagepubcirp.comorg/contentlibrary/25complications/8blalock1/412.abstract |quoteaccessdate=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by 2019-11-26}}</ref>, the administration of lidocaineprevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Leitch |pubmedIDinit=IOW |pubmedCIDtitle=Circumcision - a continuing enigma |DOIjournal=Aust Paediatr J |date=19861970 |volume=6 |issue= |pages=59-0865 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdate=20112019-0412-0815}}</ref> During 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcisionwithout being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to "reduce circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the perception mouth), there is a risk of pain"infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1,which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.pollockclinicsnytimes.com/circumcision2012/03/08/nyregion/infants-death-renews-debate-over-a-circumcision-beforeritual.html?_r=0 |title=Before the Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a CircumcisionRitual |last=Robbins |first= |publisher=Liz |date=20112012-0403-0807 |accessdate=20112019-0410-0811}}</ref> but in at least one study=== Death ===There is indeed a risk of [[death]] from non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, data shows that giving sugar <ref name="garrett2024-01-09" /> although the [[circumcision industry]] takes care to a child doesn't help to reduce not reveal it.A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related [[Death| deaths]] occur annually in the perception [[United States]], about one out of pain in the childevery 77 male neonatal deaths, more than suffocation, auto accidents, or even [[SIDS]].<ref name="Lancet, The Bollinger 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |last=SlaterBollinger |first=RebeccahDan |init=RD |first2=Laura |init2author-link=LDan Bollinger |last2=CornelissenBoy's Health Advisory |first3=Lorenzo |init3=L |last3=Fabrizi |first4=Debbie |init4=D |last4=Patten |first5=Jan |init5=J |last5=Yoxen |first6=Alan |init6=A |last6=Worley |first7=Stewart |init7title=Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S |last7=Boyd |first8=Judith |init8=J |last8=Meek |first9=Maria |init9=M |last9=Prof. FitzgeraldCircumcision-Related Infant Deaths |titlejournal=Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infantsThymos: a randomised controlled trial |journal=The LancetJournal of Boyhood Studies |volume=3764 |issue=97481 |pages=122578-3290 |url=http://www.thelancetmensstudies.com/journalscontent/lancetb64n267w47m333x0/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961303-7/fulltext?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5 |quote=Our data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, and therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug. The ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.

|DOI=10.3149/thy.0401.78 |date=2010-1004-0926 |accessdate=20112019-0410-0812}}</ref> Post-operative pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals. It has been shown that an infant's response to [[pain]] can be altered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{TaddioA etal 1995}}<REFweb |url=http://www.icgi.org/2010/ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}<04/ref>infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-us |title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US |last= |first= |publisher=ICGI{{Box |Boxtextwebsite=<big><b>However, none of the above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of those analgesic procedures. Prevention of [[painInternational Coalition for Genital Integrity]] requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non |date=2010-04-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from 26 |accessdate=}}</ref> See also the medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[pain]] or list of [[traumafatalities]].</b></big>}}

==Forced circumcision = Sexual effects =<!--=== United States military ===American soldiers serving in World War II were subjected to regular inspections of their genitals. If intact, the soldiers risked being ordered to undergo immediate circumcision.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Schoen |first=Ed |init=E |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |year=2005 |title=On Circumcision |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=-zUhdvSt7cgC |work= |editor=Dianne Yeakey |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages=72-3 |location=Georgetown, Canada |publisher=RDR Books |isbn=1-157143-123-3 |quote=For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333 |accessdate= |note=}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.-->=== Non-therapeutic circumcision of male children ===

Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivityHuman babies, because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be [[circumcised]]. The element of force has led some scholars to view the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.<ref name=>For example, Frederick M. Hodges, a medical historian, writes: "In the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutions, influential grass-roots movements protesting the forced circumcision of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodges, "winkleman1959A Short History,"p. 31; see also [[Leonard B. Glick|Glick]], ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitals.<ref>{{WinkelmannRK 1959REFbook |last=Fletcher |first=Christopher R. |init=CR |year=1999 |title=Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American Physicians |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |work=Male and Female Circumcision |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |edition= |volume= |chapter=Section 5 |pages=259-71 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref name=>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "cepeda2023Circumcision Policy Statement,"p. 691.</ref> however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is now viewed as unethical. In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the [[United States]], the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Cepeda-Emiliani

|inittitle=ARe J (child's religious upbringing and circumcision) |author-linkjournal=Alfonso Cepeda-EmilianiFamily Court Reports |last2date=Gándara-Cortés 2000 |first2volume=1 |init2issue=M |author2-linkpages= |last3=Otero307-Alén14 |first3url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Re_J/2000.html |init3accessdate=M2019-10-12 |author3}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-link= |last4=García therapeutic circumcision.) |first4= |init4=H |author4In recent years, legal writers in several English-link= speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|last5=SuárezSomerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Quintanilla Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|first5= |init5=J |author5Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-linktherapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/> |last6=García-Caballero |first6= |init6Recommendations of medical authorities=T |author6-link= * [[George Hill|last7=GallegoHill]] (2007) said: |first7=<blockquote> |init7=R |author7Male circumcision is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functions. Male circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision is a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]], and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-linktherapeutic circumcision of boys should not be performed and the [[genital integrity]] of all children should be respected and protected.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal |last8last=García-CaballeroHill |first8first=George |init8init=RG |author8author-link=George Hill |etaltitle=noThe case against circumcision |titlejournal=Immunohistological study Journal of the density Men's Health and distribution of human penile neural tissue: gradient hypothesis |trans-title= |language= |journal= Int J Impot Res |location=Gender |date=2023-05-022007 |volume=354

|article= |page= |pages=286318-30523 |url=https://www.natureacademia.comedu/articles8367383/s41443-022-00561-9 |archived=The_Case_Against_Circumcision

|pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00561-9 |accessdate=2023-11-21}}</ref> Boyle et al. (2002) wrote, "the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings&mdash;many of which are lost to circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory Boyle |first2=Gillian A. |init2=GA |last2=Bensley |title=Adverse Sexual and Psychological Effects of Male Infant Circumcision |journal=Psychological reports |volume=88 |issue=3, Part 2 |pages=1105–6 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle5/ |quote= |pubmedID=11597060 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1085.x |date=July 2001 |accessdate=}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as well." The [[amputation]] of the prepuce results in the loss of the majority of fine-touch neuroreceptors found in the [[penis]], leaving only the uninhibited protopathic sensibility of the artificially externalized [[glans penis]]. The imbalance caused by not having the input from the now ablated fine-touch receptors may be a leading cause of the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] human males.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS |author-link=Robert S. Van Howe |last2=Cold |init2=CJ |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=277 |issue=13 |pages=1052-7 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218663 |quote= |pubmedID=9218663

|dateaccessdate=19972021-0405-02 |accessdate=30

Histology * The [[Royal Dutch Medical Association]] (KNMG) (2010) said: <blockquote>The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of the male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular belief, circumcision scar shows can cause complications – [[amputationbleeding]] neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation and the bulbous collection of variably sized neurites. infection, [[Amputationurethra]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation l stricture and panic attacks are notorious for generating painparticularly common.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"/> See [[Sexual effects KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of circumcision]] for more informationdeterrence. === Death ===A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of the absence of medical benefits and the United States, about one out danger of every 77 male neonatal deaths, more than suffocation, auto accidents, or even [[SIDS]]complications.<ref name="Bollinger 2010">{{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |init=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Boy's Health AdvisoryREFdocument |title=Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S. CircumcisionNon-Related Infant Deaths |journal=Thymos: Journal therapeutic circumcision of Boyhood Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=78-90male minors |url=httphttps://www.mensstudiesdoctorsopposingcircumcision.comorg/wp-content/b64n267w47m333x0uploads/2016/?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5 |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.314909/thy.0401.78 |date=2010-04knmg-26 |accessdate=2019non-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |url=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infanttherapeutic-circumcision-causesof-100male-deathsminors-each27-year05-in-us2010.pdf |titlecontribution=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US

|publisher=ICGIRoyal Dutch Medical Association |websiteformat=[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]]PDF |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref> See also the list of [[fatalities]].</blockquote>

<!blockquote>Ethical and [[human rights]] concerns have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision because it is recognised that the foreskin has a functional role, the operation is non--=== United States military ===therapeutic and the infant is unable to consent.

American soldiers serving After reviewing the currently available evidence, the RACP believes that the frequency of diseases modifiable by circumcision, the level of protection offered by circumcision and the complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision in World War II were subjected Australia and New Zealand. However it is reasonable for parents to regular inspections weigh the benefits and risks of their genitals. If intact, circumcision and to make the soldiers risked being ordered decision whether or not to undergo immediate circumcisioncircumcise their sons.<refname="racp2010">{{REFbook |last=Schoen |first=Ed |init=E |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |year=2005REFdocument |title=On Circumcisionof Infant Males |url=https://bookswww.googleracp.deedu.au//docs/default-source/advocacy-library/books?id=circumcision-of-infant-zUhdvSt7cgCmales.pdf |workcontribution= |editorlast=Dianne Yeakey |editionfirst= |volumepublisher=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians |chapterformat=PDF |pagesdate=722010-09-301 |location=Georgetown, Canada |publisheraccessdate=RDR Books |isbn=12021-15714311-123-3 |quote=For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333 |accessdate= |note=08}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.--</blockquote>

=== Non* The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) has not re-therapeutic affirmed its disastrous, failed 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement, which expired in 2017, so currently has no position on child circumcision of male children ===.

Human babies, because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be * Medical historian [[circumcisedRobert Darby]]. The element of force has led some scholars to view the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.(2014) wrote simply:<refblockquote>For example, Frederick M. Hodges, a medical historian, writes: "In the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutionsTo avoid circumcision complications, influential grass-roots movements protesting the forced avoid circumcision of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodges, "A Short History," p. 31; see also [[Leonard B. Glick|Glick]], ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitals.<ref>{{REFbookREFjournal |last=FletcherDarby |first=Christopher |init=R. |initauthor-link=CRRobert Darby |yearetal=1999no |title=Circumcision in America in 1998: AttitudesTo avoid circumcision complications, Beliefs, and Charges of American Physiciansavoid circumcision |trans-title= |urllanguage=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |workjournal=Male and Female CircumcisionCan Urol Assoc J |editorslocation=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |editiondate=2014-08-14 |volume=8 |chapterissue=Section 57-8 |pagesarticle= |page=259-71231 |locationpages=New York |publisherurl=Kluwer Academichttps://cuaj.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1709/Plenum Publishers1823 |isbnarchived=

|accessdatepubmedID= |pubmedCID=2019-10-12 |noteDOI=ID 10.10075489/978cuaj.1709 |accessdate=2022-012-585-39937-9_1916}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref/blockquote>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''* The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of PediatricsCanadian Paediatric Society]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.</ref> however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is now viewed as unethical.(CPS) (2015) said:

<blockquote>In the [[United Kingdom]]most jurisdictions, where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than authority is limited only to interventions deemed to be medically necessary. In cases in the [[United States]]which medical necessity is not established or a proposed treatment is based on personal preference, interventions should be deferred until the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician individual concerned is able to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a childmake their own choices.<refname="CPS2015">{{REFjournal |last=Sorokin |first=S. Todd |init=ST |author-link= |last2=Finlay |first2=JC |author2-link= |last3=Jeffries |first3=AL |author3-link= |etal=yes |title=Re J (child's religious upbringing and Newborn male circumcision) |journal=Family Court ReportsPaediatr Child Health |location= |date=20002015-08 |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=307311-1420 |url=https://www.cirpncbi.orgnlm.nih.gov/librarypmc/legalarticles/PMC4578472/ |quote= |pubmedID=26435672 |pubmedCID=4578472 |DOI=10.1093/Re_Jpch/200020.html6.311 |accessdate=2019-10-1227}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.) In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/> ==Video=====Is circumcision healthy?===The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing.<br><br> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtubeblockquote>

===Dr* The [[Canadian Urological Association]] (CUA) considered the matter of circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018. Christopher Guest discusses circumcision===<br><youtube>v=TQIp9f4krVQ</youtube>The CUA concluded:

<blockquote>"Given the socioeconomic, educational status, and health demographics of our population, universal neonatal circumcision cannot be justified based on the current evidence available.<ref name="cua2018">{{REFjournal |last=Dave |first=Sumit |init=S |author-link= |etal=yes |title=Plastibel Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcisionin Canadian infants (abridged version) |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location= |date=2018-02 |volume=12{{UNI |Stanford Universityissue=2 |SU}} has published a video of an actual nonpages=18-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The infant has received two injections of local anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries on the soundtrack.28* [ |url=https://medcuaj.stanfordca/index.eduphp/journal/newbornsarticle/professional-educationview/circumcision5034/plastibell3470 |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-technique.html Plastibell Technique]11-09}}</ref></blockquote>==British family court opinion==Gomco clamp The issue of non-therapeutic circumcisionof male children came before the court in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''. ==Rights and ethics ==

This is a video of an actual circumcision with a Gomco clamp[[Image:Intact vs circumcised. JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The infant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) analgesic injections but they did not seem to workintact and circumcised human penis, side by side.]]

* The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the [https://www[excision]] of the [[foreskin]] from the penis.redditThe term is inaccurate and a euphemism because the operation actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] the [[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional erogenous tissue.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/ Circumcision video]

==Recommendations of medical authorities==* Circumcision is most often performed in healthy males for [[George HillReligion and Culture| Hillreligious or cultural]] (2007) said:<blockquote>Male circumcision reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the ritual is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functionsso controversial. Male Opponents of circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to perpetuate consider the cycle circumcision of abuse. Male circumcision is non-consenting minors to be unethical and a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]]violation, and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic circumcision of boys should not be performed and the unless there is concrete [[genital integritymedical indication]] of all children should be respected and protected.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal |last=Hill |first=George |init=G |author-link=George Hill |title=The case against circumcision |journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender |dateConsent by surrogates =2007 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=318-23 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8367383/The_Case_Against_Circumcision |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-05-30}}</ref></blockquote>* Andrew E. MacNeiiy, Head, Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urological Sciences, {{UNI|University of British Columbia|UBC}}, Vancouver, BC, (2008) said: <blockquote>Newborn circumcision remains an area of controversy. Social, cultural, aesthetic and religious pressures form Medical ethics has long recognized limitations on the most common reasons for non-therapeutic circumcision. Although penile cancer and UTIs are reduced compared with uncircumcised males, the incidence of such illness is so low that circumcision cannot be justified as prophylaxis. The role of the foreskin in [[HIV]] transmission in developed countries is unclear, and safe sexual practice remains the cornerstone of prevention. There remains a lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes the normal foreskin both among parents and among primary care providers. This lack power of knowledge results in a burden of costs to our health care system in the form of unnecessary urological referrals, expansion of wait times and circumcisions. Routine circumcision of all infants is not justified from a health or cost-benefit perspectiveconsent by surrogates.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=MacNeily |first=Andrew |init= |author-link=Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics

|title=Routine circumcision: the opposing viewInformed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice

|journal=Can Urol Assoc JPediatrics

|date=2007-111995 |volume=195 |issue=42

|pages=395314-717 |url=httphttps://europepmcwww.cirp.org/articlelibrary/PMCethics/2422979AAP/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=185428257478854

|DOI=10.5489/cuaj.455 |accessdate=20212023-1105-0821}}</ref></blockquoteref>{{REFjournal |last=Committee on Bioethics |etal=no |title=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice |trans-title=* The [[Royal Dutch Medical Association]] (KNMG) (2010) said: |language= |journal=Pediatrics<blockquote> |location=The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non |date=2016-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular belief, circumcision can cause complications – [[bleeding]], infection, [[urethra]]l stricture and panic attacks are particularly common. KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of deterrence. KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of the absence of medical benefits and the danger of complications.<ref>{{REFdocument08 |volume=138 |issue=2 |article= |page=e20161485 |titlepages=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors |url=https://wwwwatermark.doctorsopposingcircumcisionsilverchair.orgcom/wppeds_20161485.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-content/uploads/2016/09/knmgX-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-nonYwn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-therapeuticMtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-circumcisionGgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-ofKh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-male31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-minorsHujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6w-27fi86tW132oWQM-05mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX-2010.pdfLRbKRzgaRQ |archived= |contributionquote= |lastpubmedID=27456510 |firstpubmedCID= |publisherDOI=Royal Dutch Medical Association10.1542/peds.2016-1485

|accessdate=2023-05-21}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Committee on Bioethics ||etal=no |title=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice |trans-title= |language= |journal=Pediatrics |location= |date=20102016-08 |volume=138 |issue=2 |article= |page=e20161484 |pages= |url=https://watermark.silverchair.com/peds_20161484.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRY-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNv-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSY-fhQcUl-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtV-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=27456514 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1542/peds.2016-1484 |format=PDF |accessdate=20212023-1105-0821}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] (2010) said:

<blockquote>Ethical Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic'' [[human rightscircumcision]] concerns . They have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision because it is recognised that determined than the foreskin has alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a functional rolesurrogate. In other words, the operation is non''Non-therapeutic and the infant '' circumcision is unable to consentnot truly healthcare.  After reviewing the currently available evidenceMoreover, they comment that even the RACP believes that most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and harm to the frequency patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of diseases modifiable by function, therefore, circumcision, should be performed only after the individual reaches the level age of protection offered consent. <u>Consent by a surrogate for a ''non-therapeutic'' circumcision and the complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision in Australia and New Zealand. However it a minor child is reasonable for parents to weigh the benefits and risks of circumcision and to make the decision whether or not to circumcise their sonsan unethical practice.</u><ref name="racp2010myers2020">{{REFdocument |title=Circumcision of Infant Males |url=https://www.racp.edu.au//docs/default-source/advocacy-library/circumcision-of-infant-males.pdf |contribution=REFjournal |last=Myers |first= |publisherinit=The Royal Australasian College of PhysiciansA |format=PDF |date=2010author-09-01 |accessdatelink=2021-11-08}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) has not re-affirmed its disastrous, failed 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement, which expired in 2017, so currently has no position on child circumcision. * Medical historian [[Robert Darby]] (2014) wrote simply:<blockquote>"To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournal |lastlast2=DarbyEarp |firstfirst2= |initinit2=RBD |authorauthor2-link=Robert DarbyBrian D. Earp

|title=To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcisionWhat is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis

|journal=Can Urol Assoc JBiosoc Sci

|date=20142020-08-1409 |volume=834 |issue=7-8 |article= |page=231 |pages=560-72 |url=https://cuajonlinelibrary.ca/indexwiley.phpcom/journaldoi/articleabs/view10.1111/1709/1823bioe.12714

|pubmedID=32068898

|DOI=10.54891111/cuajbioe.1709 12714 |accessdate=20222023-1205-1618}}</ref> == Tipping point ==[[Intact America]] (2024) argues that public opinion regarding non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which [[intact]] genitals would be preferred over the [[circumcised]] variety.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/public-opinion-on-circumcision/ |title=Public Opinion on Circumcision: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point? |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-03-23 |accessdate=2024-04-09

<blockquote>In most jurisdictions, authority ==Financial and other costs==Infant male circumcision is limited only to interventions deemed to be medically necessaryan extra-cost option after birth. In cases in which There are no medical necessity indications for it. It is a medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, non-beneficial irreversible amputation of a functional body part, so medical insurance may or may not established or pay for it. There are several financial costs associated with infant circumcision. There is a hospital fee, a set-up fee, pharmaceutical fees, a proposed treatment is based on personal preferenceseparate fee for the medical doctor who performs the amputation, interventions should be deferred until and various possible additional costs for the individual concerned is able to make their own choicestreatment of complications.<ref name="CPS2015garrett2023-12-21">{{REFjournalREFweb |lasturl=Sorokin |first=Shttps://intactamerica. Todd |init=ST |authororg/economics-of-link=circumcision/ |last2title=FinlayThe Economics of Circumcision: A Full Breakdown of This Penis Business |first2last=JCGarrett |author2-linkfirst=Connor |last3init=Jeffries |first3=AL |author3author-link=Connor Judson Garrett |etal=yes |title=Newborn male circumcision |journal=Paediatr Child Health |locationpublisher=Intact America |date=20152023-08 |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=31112-20 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578472/ |quote= |pubmedID=26435672 |pubmedCID=4578472 |DOI=10.1093/pch/20.6.31121 |accessdate=20192024-1005-2715}}</ref></blockquote>

* The There also are additional non-financial costs, which include sexual and sensory losses that adversely impact on the sexual experience in adult life, and psychological losses such as [[Canadian Urological AssociationPTSD]] (CUA) considered the matter , and grieving of losses.==Video=====Is circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018healthy?===The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing. The CUA concluded:<br><br> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtube>

<blockquote>"Given the socioeconomic, educational status, and health demographics of our population, universal neonatal circumcision cannot be justified based on the current evidence available.<ref name="cua2018">{{REFjournal |last=Dave |first=Sumit |init=S |author-link= |etal=yes |title=Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal Dr. Christopher Guest discusses circumcision in Canadian infants (abridged version) |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location= |date=2018-02 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=18-28 |url=https://cuaj.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/5034/3470 |quote=<br> |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-11-09}}</refyoutube>v=TQIp9f4krVQ</blockquoteyoutube>==British family court opinion==The issue of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children came before the court in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''. == Rights and ethics ==

The [[Rights situation on === Dr. Eric discusses circumcision|rights situation]] is discussed in a separate article===<br><youtube>v=iZ64pqWZRW8</youtube>Dr.Eric understates the numerous functions of the foreskin.===Plastibel circumcision===

{{UNI|Stanford University|SU}} has published a video of an actual non-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The infant has received two injections of local anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries on the soundtrack.* [[Imagehttps://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision/plastibell-technique.html Plastibell Technique] ===Gomco clamp circumcision=== '''Not for the squeamish:Intact vs circumcised''' This is a video of an actual circumcision with a Gomco clamp.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The intact and circumcised human penis, side by sideinfant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) analgesic injections but they did not seem to work.]]

The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision* [https://www. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the [[excision]] of the [[foreskin]] from the penisreddit. The term is inaccurate and a euphemism because the operation actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] the [[foreskin]com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/ Circumcision video], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional erogenous tissue.

{{SEEALSO}}* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[Circumcision maps]]* [[Circumcision methods]]* [[Circumcision is most often performed in healthy males for scar]]* [[Circumpendium]]* [[Religion and Culture|religious or culturalCircumstraint]] reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the ritual is so controversial. Opponents * [[Documented severe complications of circumcision consider the circumcision ]]* [[Ethics of non-consenting minors to be unethical and a therapeutic child circumcision]]* [[FGM]]* [[human Human rights]] violation, unless there is concrete * [[Lymphoedema]]* [[medical indicationMGM]].=== Consent by surrogates ===* [[Pain]]Medical ethics has long recognized limitations on the power * [[Psychological issues of consent by surrogates.<ref>{{REFjournalmale circumcision]] |last=Committee * [[Rights situation on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics circumcision]] |etal=no |title= Informed consent, parental permission, * [[Risks and assent in pediatric practicecomplications]] |trans-title=* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]] |language=* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS) |journal=Pediatrics* [[Trauma]] |location= |date=1995{{LINKS}} |volume=95 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=314-17* {{REFweb |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/ethicsanatomy/AAPgarcia/ |archivedtitle=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not? |quotelast=Garcia |pubmedIDfirst=7478854Francisco |pubmedCID= |DOIdate=1995-12-11 |accessdate=20232020-0509-2108}}</ref> <ref>* {{REFjournal |last=Committee on BioethicsFleiss |etalfirst=noPaul |titleinit=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice P |transauthor-titlelink=Paul M. Fleiss |languagetitle=The foreskin is necessary |journal=Pediatrics |location=Mothering |date=20161997-0801 |volume=138 |issue=2 |article= |page=e20161485 |pages=36-45 |url=httpshttp://watermarkwww.silverchairnoharmm.com/peds_20161485.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-X-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-Ywn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-MtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-GgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-Kh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-HujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6w-fi86tW132oWQM-mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX-LRbKRzgaRQ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=27456510 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1542org/pedsmothering.2016-1485 |format=PDFhtm |accessdate=20232020-0506-2129}}</ref> <ref>*{{REFjournalREFweb |lasturl=Committee on Bioethics ||etal=no |title=Informed Consent in Decisionhttps://15square.org.uk/losses-from-Making in Pediatric Practicecircumcision/ |trans-title=Losses from Circumcision |languagelast=Ball |journalfirst=PediatricsPeter |locationpublisher=15 Square |date=20162003-08-09 |volumeaccessdate=1382023-02-23 |issue=2}} |article= |page=e20161484 |pages=* {{REFweb |url=httpshttp://watermarkmembers.silverchairtranquility.comnet/~rwinkel/peds_20161484MGM/primer.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRY-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNv-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSY-fhQcUl-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtV-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQhtml |archivedtitle=Male Circumcision in the USA: A Human Rights Primer |quotelast=Winkel |pubmedIDfirst=27456514Rich |pubmedCIDauthor-link=Rich Winkel |DOIdate=10.1542/peds.20162005-05-1484 |format=PDF12 |accessdate=20232021-0501-2127}}</ref>

Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic'' [[circumcision]]. They have determined than the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a surrogate. In other words, ''Non-therapeutic'' circumcision is not truly healthcare. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and harm to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of consent. <u>Consent by a surrogate for a ''non-therapeutic'' circumcision of a minor child is an unethical practice.</u><ref name="myers2020">* {{REFjournal |last=MyersTesta |first=Patrick |init=A

|last2=EarpBlock |first2=Walter E. |init2=BD |author2-link=Brian D. Earp

|title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical Libertarianism and ethical analysiscircumcision

|journal=Int J Biosoc SciHealth Poiicy Manag

|date=20202014-0905-26 |volume=343 |issue=7 |article= |page= |pages=56033-7240 |url=https://onlinelibrarywww.wileyacademia.com/doiedu/abs/10.11117587653/bioe.12714 |archived= |quoteLibertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view-paper |pubmedID=3206889824987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.111115171/bioeijhpm.2014.1271451 |accessdate=2023-05-18}}</ref> {{SEEALSO}}* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[Circumcision maps]]* [[Circumcision methods]]* [[Circumcision scar]]* [[Circumpendium]]* [[Circumstraint]]* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]* [[FGM]]* [[Human rights]]* [[Lymphoedema]]* [[MGM]]* [[Pain]]* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]* [[Rights situation on circumcision]]* [[Risks and complications]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)* [[Trauma]]{{LINKS}} 

|url=https://www.cirpintaction.org/library/anatomy/garciawhat-is-circumcision/ |title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not? |last=GarciaSimone |first=FranciscoJudy |author-link= |publisher=Intaction |website=https://intaction.org/ |date=19952020-1207-1126 |accessdate=2020-0910-0804 |format= |quote=

|last=FleissDeacon |first=Paul |init=PM |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |last2=Muir |first2= |init2=G |author2-link= |etal=no |title=The foreskin What is necessarythe medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? |trans-title= |language= |journal=MotheringInt J Impot Res |location= |date=19972022-01-08 |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages=36-45 |url=httphttps://www.noharmmnature.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=34997197 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y |accessdate=2023-04-30}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/mothering.htmpros-and-cons-of-circumcision/ |title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to) |last=Garrett |first= |init=CJ |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-11-10 |accessdate=20202024-0603-2922

*{{REFweb |url=https://15squareintactamerica.org.uk/lossesgroups-who-pressure-you-fromto-circumcisioncircumcise/ |title=Losses from CircumcisionThe 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do) |last=BallAnonymous |first=Peter |init= |publisher=15 SquareIntact America |date=20032024-0801-0924 |accessdate=20232024-0201-2327

|url=httphttps://membersintactamerica.tranquility.netorg/~rwinkelkeeping-your-sons-penis-intact/MGM/primer.html |title=Male Circumcision in the USAKeeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Human Rights Primer Guide for Parents |last=WinkelAnonymous |first=Rich |author-linkinit= |publisher=Rich WinkelIntact America |date=20052024-0501-1224 |accessdate=20212024-01-2729

 * {{REFjournalREFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/ |title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look |last=TestaAnonymous |first=Patrick

|author-link= |last2=Block |first2=Walter E. |init2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Libertarianism and circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag |locationpublisher=Intact America |date=20142024-0502-2602 |volume=3 |issue= |article= |pageaccessdate= |pages=332024-40 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view02-paper |pubmedID=24987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.5109 |accessdate=}}{{REF}}