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|ISBN=978-0-14-312774-1
|accessdate=2023-08-07
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFdocument |title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience |trans-title= |language= |url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf |archived= |contribution= |quote= |trans-quote= |quote-lang= |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Chapin |first2=Georganne |author2-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |location=Tarrytown |format=PDF |date=2019-08-01 |accessdate=2023-08-08}}</ref> The study revealed that ACEs are closely related to adult health problems. ACEs are strongly associated with high-risk health behaviors in adulthood, such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, and obesity; and with ill health, including depression, heart and lung disease, cancer, and decreased lifespan.<ref name="felitti1998">{{REFjournal
|last=Felitti
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|last3=Nordenberg D
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==Classification of genital cutting==
Involuntary childhood genital cutting—including cutting — including [[female genital mutilation]], gender-norming surgery of [[intersex]] children, and male [[circumcision]] — is [[Pain| painful]] and [[Trauma| traumatic]] and has been found to permanently alter individuals' sexuality, and to have other lifelong consequences.<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|init=D
|author2-link=
|url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/
|title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And and Circumcision.
|journal=Kindred
|date=2023-02-28
}}</ref> These early traumas are not yet included on the ACE checklist.
[[Dan Bollinger| Bollinger]] (2023) reported a preliminary survey comparing [[intact]] and [[circumcised]] men using the ACE test. The [[circumcised ]] men had higher ACE scores than the [[intact ]] men. Bollinger has called for additional study to determine if male genital cutting (circumcision) should be classified as an Adverse Childhood Experience.<ref name="bollinger2023" />
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Depression]]
* [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
{{LINKS}}
* [http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net Adverse Childhood Experiences]
* {{REFweb
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|title=Trained medical professionals restrain infant to amputate part of its body while baby kicks and screams in pain
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[[Category:Term]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[de:Negative Kindheitserlebnisse (ACEs)]]