Changes

}}</ref> [[Foreskinned]] men derive comfort from their [[foreskin]] that is not available to [[circumcised]] men.<ref name="prescott1975">{{REFjournal |last=Prescott |init=JW |author-link=James W. Prescott |url=http://www.violence.de/prescott/bulletin/article.html |title=Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=1975-11 |volume= |issue= |pages=10-20 |accessdate=2022-11-05}}</ref>

There was little awareness of emotional and/or psychological issues when child [[circumcision]] was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) made no mention at all of [[pain]], [[trauma]] , behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>

Male circumcision (called ''[[tuli]]'') is part of the culture of the Philippine Islands. Boys usually are not neonatally circumcised. Instead, [[Tuli| circumcision]] is done when they are somewhat older. Some are medically circumcised while others are [[circumcised]] in a traditional manner. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Philippine boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically circumcised boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook

[[Foreskinned]] men [[Foreskin play| derive "body pleasure", comfort , and satisfaction]] from their [[foreskin]] that is not available to [[circumcised]] men.<ref name="prescott1975" /> <ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/FriendsOfTheFrenulum/comments/1ma5zqc/the_data_is_in_the_silence_is_broken_a_first_look/ |title=The Data is In. The Silence is Broken. A First Look at Our Survey's Staggering Results. |last=Intactivist |first=Accidental |init= |author-link= |publisher=REDDIT |date=2025-07-26 |accessdate=2025-07-27}}</ref> <ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/penisquestion/comments/1md58l6/touching_your_penis/ |title=Touching Your Penis |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=REDDIT |date=2025-07-30 |accessdate=2025-08-23}}</ref> <ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/uncircumcised_talk/comments/1n0cnh2/how_do_you_play_with_your_foreskin_not_sexually/ |title=How do you play with your foreskin? Not sexually, just casually |last=TyeAnonymous

|init=MC

|last2publisher=Sardi |first2= |init2=LM |author2-link=Lauren Sardi |etal=no |title=Psychological, psychosocial, and psychosexual aspects of penile circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Impot ResREDDIT |date=2023-05 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=242-8 |url=https://www.galdef.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tye-Sardi-Psycho-Aspects-of-Penile2026-Circumcision08-IJIR-2022.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=35347302 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00553-9 |format=PDF25 |accessdate=20242025-1208-1826}}</ref>

[[Intact America]] now has a team of therapists.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/therapy/ |title=Therapy Partners |last= |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher=Intact America |date= |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> ==Autism spectrum disorder==[[Rosemary Romberg]] (2021) observed that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the [[United States]] occurs four times more frequently in boys than in girls.<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook |last=Romberg |first=Rosemary

After the medical community belatedly learned that infants actually feel [[pain]], <ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal |last=Anand |init=KJS |author-link=Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand |last2=Hickey |init2=PR |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |journal=N Engl J Med |location= |date=1987-11-19 |volume=317 |issue=21 |pages=1321-9 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3317037 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=2025-09-23}}</ref> Howard, Howard, & Weitzman (1994) tested the use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) for post-surgical pain following neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="howard1994">{{REFjournal

The authors reported their "analysis shows differences between early [[circumcised]] and non-circumcised men in psychological measures of socio-affectivity and provides initial support for the hypothesis that this alteration stems from the most crucial neurodevelopmentally plastic period of an individual's life. " They called for "replication of the current study with a larger sample size and better ability to control for socioeconomic variables."<ref name="miani2020" />