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[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of India]]
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''', more formally known as the '''Republic of India''', is the world's most populous nation with an estimated population numbering 1 billion, 428 million inhabitants.
==Religious matters==India has a long and rich religious history. Four major religions — Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism — originated in India. Others, including Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Islamism, have been imported. The Hindus are the largest group with 72 percent. The Muslims are the second largest with 14.2 percent.
Islamism has not co-existed well with the other religions because of its aggressive manner of pushing [[Islam]] on non-Muslims with the sword and by such tactics as forced circumcision. For example, more than 300 British soldiers were captured by Muslims in 1780 and forcibly [[circumcised]].<ref name="fcirc">{{URLwikipedia|Forced_circumcision|Forced circumcision}}</ref>
Hindus, Sikhs, and adherents to other religions would be protected from most of the Muslims who were now in a separate nation. Pakistan now has 241.5 million Muslims and Bangladesh now has 169 million Muslims for a total of 410.5 million who have been removed from India and who cannot conveniently prey upon the non-Muslim citizens of India. The residual 14.2% Muslim population of India is now constitutes only about 172,000,000.<ref>{{URLwikipedia|Religion_in_India|Religion in India}}</ref>
The partition caused a mass migration with Muslims moving from India into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving from Pakistan into India. Muslims continued to conduct forced circumcisions at this time.<ref name="fcirc" />==The foreskin in India==Indian men avoid circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.hoshyoga.org/why-do-indians-dont-get-circumcised/ |title=Why do Indians don’t get circumcised? |last=Anonymous |publisher=Host Yoga |date=2025 |accessdate=2025-11-13}}</ref>Ravi Kumar (2017) observed:<blockquote>Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin in males. It is a controversial topic in many parts of the world. In India however, circumcision is viewed as a barbaric practice. If you are an Indian man, you are expected to have a foreskin. Only Indian Muslims, who constitute about 14 percent of the population, practice circumcision. It is seen as ‘mutilation’ by others, like cutting off useful parts of the body, and is often ridiculed.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/07/the-ridicule-i-faced-for-being-a-circumcised-hindu |title=The Ridicule I Faced For Being A Circumcised Hindu |last=Kumar |first=Ravi |init= |author-link= |publisher=Youth Ki Awaaz |date=2017-07-05 |accessdate=2025-06-19}}</ref></blockquote>
Balaji et al. (2020) carried out a study of [[circumcision]] practice in South India. They found that the [[foreskin]] is a marker for cultural identity:<blockquote>Also, one-third of the individuals from this community felt that circumcision is a safe operation and 20% of the parents favored compulsory circumcision of all boys as they believed that it improves penile hygiene; but, however, the rest preferred foreskin preservation as its removal would result in loss of cultural identity of the individual.<ref name="balaji2020">{{REFjournal |last=Balaji |first= |init=BS |author-link= |last2=Tarun |first2= |init2=TJK |author2-link= |last3=Gowri |first3= |init3=MS |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Acceptability and outcomes of foreskin preservation for phimosis: An Indian perspective |journal=J Family Med Prim Care |location= |date=2020-05-31 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=2297-302 |url= |quote= |pubmedID=32754491 |pubmedCID=7380800 |DOI=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_49_20 |accessdate=2025-07-23}}</ref></blockquote>The normal variant of [[phimosis| phimosed foreskin]] in adult males is said to be more common in Indian men and more accepted, but more study is needed. ==Medical science==
Medical science is highly advanced in India.
There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the [[intact ]] [[penis]].
* Satya Parkash (1972) discussed some of the functions of the [[foreskin]], some drawbacks to circumcision, and conditions for which [[circumcision]] should <i>not</i> be performed. Parkash described a new procedure for the plastic correction of [[phimosis]] which would save the foreskin.<ref name="parkash1972">{{REFjournal
|last=Parkash
|accessdate=2024-07-05
}}</ref>
* Shahid (2012) emphasized the necessity of properly diagnosing the type of [[phimosis ]] when a boy with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] is presented. He also stated that [[circumcision]] is becoming outmoded as a treatment for phimosis.<ref name="shahid2012">{{REFjournal
|last=Shahid
|first=
|accessdate=2025-07-05
}}</ref>
* Manekar et al. (2022) surveyed paediatricans paediatricians across India and found that most were so poorly trained that they could not distinguish between normal physiological phimosis and pathological phimosis in boys, which may result in large numbers of unnecessary circumcisions of boys.<ref name="manetar2022">{{REFjournal
|last=Manetar
|first=
}}</ref>
==A new surgical technique from India==
Gupta, Mehta, & Gupta (2021), working in India, have described a new surgical technique to provide coverage of the [[glans penis]] at all times, including tumescent, for men who were involuntarily [[circumcised]] in childhood or who had a congenitally short prepuce ([[foreskin]]). The procedure has been performed on 46 patients with apparent complete success, although penetrating sexual performance has not been evaluated.<ref name="gupta2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Gupta
== Circumcision in India ==
Circumcision is closely associated with the Muslim religion in India.<ref name="sahay2014">{{REFjournal |last=Sahay |first= |init=S |author-link= |last2=Najarakan |first2= |init2=K |author2-link= |last3=Mehendale |first3= |init3=S |author3-link= |last4=Deb |first4= |init4=S |author4-link= |etal=yes |title=Community and Healthcare Providers' Perspectives on Male Circumcision: A Multi-Centric Qualitative Study in India |trans-title= |language= |journal=PLoS One. |location= |date=2014-03-10 |volume=9 |issue=3 |article= |page=e91213 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948789/ |archived= |quote=More than a religious commitment, circumcision was equated with religious identity [in this case ‘Muslim’] in India, which differentiated Muslims from non circumcising communities following other religions. |pubmedID=24614575 |pubmedCID=3948789 |DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0091213 |accessdate=2024-07-07}}</ref> The other religions do not circumcise. Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in Indiaexcept by Muslims.
=== Muslim circumcision ===Circumcision marks one as a probable member of the Muslim religious minority.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Although male circumcision is not unlawful, it is not part of the culture or religion of most Indians. In fact, it is viewed with distaste or even horror by most Indians, especially since it is associated with [[Islam| Islamic ]] practice. <ref name="sahay2014" /> Sikhism prohibits cutting of the body and Jainism favors non-violence. Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and others have no desire to appear to be Muslim. The vast majority (86.5%) of males are [[foreskinned]].
Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] ritually without anaesthesia for the [[pain]] by traditional circumcisors or barbers prior to [[puberty]].<ref name="sahay2014"/>
=== Medical circumcision ===Circumcision of adult male for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men. The Urological Society of India does not offer guidelines on the conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb
|url=https://usi.org.in/index.php
|title=Urological Society of India
|date=
|accessdate=2024-07-06
}}</ref>As in other nations, [[foreskinned]] men should receive a urologist's recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] with extreme caution.
== Sources of information ==
== The prevalence of circumcision ==
The World Population Review (2024) and [[Brian J. Morris]] (2016) both estimate that 13.5 percent of Indian males are [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/circumcision-by-country
|title=Circumcision by Country 2024
|date=2016-03
|accessdate=2024-07-06
}}</ref> leaving 86.5% [[intact]], however Arora et al.(2023), who actually are on the scene in India, estimated the prevalence of [[circumcision]] in India to be 7 percent and [[intactness]] at 93 percent.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Arora |first= |init=M |author-link= |last2=Singh |first2= |init2=LK |author2-link= |last3=Somani |first3= |init3=A |author3-link= |year=2023 |title=Penis: Circumcision |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_35-1 |work=Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior |editor=Todd K. Shackelford, Gavin Vance, & Madeleine K. Meehan |edition= |volume= |chapter= |scope= |pages=1-6 |location=Switzerland |publisher=Springer Nature |ISBN=978-3-031-08956-5 |quote=The prevalence of male circumcision in India is around 7%. |DOI=978-3-031-08956-5 |accessdate=2024-07-07 |note=}}</ref> == Video ==This video for adults only illustrates the popularity of the [[foreskin]] in India.{{NSFW}}=== Indian Rolls Up His Foreskin WMV ===<youtube>v=s4ZfdCqCPuc</youtube> {{SEEALSO}}* [[A Pinch of Skin]]* [[Khafz]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|India|India|2019-09-15}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/cultures-that-reject-circumcision/ |title=Cultures That Reject Circumcision—And Why They’re Right |last=Alissa |first=Kristel |init= |author-link=Kristel Alissa |publisher=Intact America |date=2025-02-23 |accessdate=2025-05-08}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Country]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Categoryde:Male circumcisionIndien]]