Changes

Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the nineteenth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[AustraliaDan Bollinger]](2025) enumerated the many harms and injuries caused by medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[Canadacircumcision of the newborn]], its inherent violation of [[New Zealandhuman rights]] and the [[United Kingdom]]its degradation of health and well-being. It has been gradually declining since 1985 in the [[United States]]. It has ''never'' been <ref name="bollinger2025-08-27">{{REFdocument |title=Policy Paper: Newborn Circumcision as a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision of boys is not done in the Russian Federation, Latin America, or [[China]]Negative Wellness Factor |url=https://www. In [[India]] only the minority Muslim population does circumcision of children. In Europe it is only done for religious reasons by Muslims and Jewsresearchgate.net/publication/394517060_Policy_Paper_Newborn_Circumcision_as_a_Negative_Wellness_Factor |contribution= |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |publisher=Research Gate |format=PDF |date=2025-08 |accessdate=2025-08-29}}</ref>

Circumcision is classified as a form ==Condemnation of child circumcision==[[genital mutilationAlfonso Cepeda-Emiliani| Cepeda-Emiliani]]et al.{2025) stated:<blockquote>Our results reinforce the relevance of [https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-taylor/ Cold and Taylor’s 11 1999 conclusions] (p. 42), which now seem more pertinent than ever: “The prepuce== Rationale ==is a specialized, specific erogenous tissue in both males and females.Therefore, surgical excision should be restricted to lesions that areReasons for performing unresponsive to medical therapy. . . Preputial plasty should be considered in place of circumcision range widely by culturewhenever possible, religionso as to preservethe corpuscular sensory receptors, locationdartos muscle, penile mucosa and age. ===Cultural=== Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite complete function of passage into manhoodthe penis. . This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples.Although a Fourcroy grade 1 female The [[United States]] and [[Israel]] are the only industrialized countries circumcision would excise less tissue than in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male , this comparison cannot be used to justify female circumcision. The vast majority Excision of infant circumcisions performed in normal,erogenous genital tissue from healthy male or female children cannotbe condoned, as the histology confirms that the United States external genitalia are for non-religious, non-medical reasonsspecialized sensory tissues. . . See [[History Removal of circumcision]]normal genital anatomy inchildren and infants should be deferred until the individual can make aninformed decision.If external genital tissue must be excised to combata disease process that threatens the child’s health, and is unresponsive=== Medical indication ===to medical therapy, then the amount of tissue should be limited so as toThere are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for [[circumcision preserve the anatomy and function of the newborn]]external genitalia.”<ref name="aap1971cepeda2025">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and NewbornCepeda-Emiliani

|init=A |yearauthor-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=Otero-Alén |first2= |init2=M |author2-link= |last3=Suárez-Quintanilla |first3= |init3=J |author3-link= |last4=Gándara-Cortés |first4= |init4=M |author4-link= |last5=García-Caballero |first5= |init5=T |author5-link= |last6=García-Caballero |first6= |init6=R |author6-link= |last7=García-Caballero |first7=1971 |init7=L |author7-link= |etal=no |title=Standards The sensory penis: A comprehensive immunohistological and Recommendation for Hospital Care ontogenetic exploration of Newborn infantshuman penile innervation |trans-title= |journal=Andrology |date=2025-09-19 |volume= |issue= |article= |pages=1-41 |url=https://wwwonlinelibrary.cirpwiley.orgcom/librarydoi/statementsepdf/aap10.1111/#a1971andr.70118 |scopearchived= |locationquote=Evanston |publisherpubmedID=40970806 |pubmedCID=American Academy of Pediatrics |ISBNDOI=10.1111/andr.70118 |accessdate=2025-0310-1301 }}</ref> The [[circumcision industry]] offers [[circumcision of the newborn]] to the public because of the [[financial incentive]] to the doctor and to the maternity hospital. </blockquote>

==History==Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the nineteenth century. The form practice of non-therapeutic circumcision adopted by of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the medical community essentially was equivalent to [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1980 in the Jewish form with ''[[periahUnited States]]. It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision of boys is not done in the Russian Federation, so it inflicts the maximum injury and physical Latin America, or [[China]]. In [[traumaIndia]]only the minority Muslim population does circumcision of children. In Europe it is only done for religious reasons by Muslims and Jews.

Circumcision is classified as a form of [[genital mutilation]].<!--== Rationale == Reasons for performing circumcision range widely by culture, religion, location, and age.-->   ===Cultural=== Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples. The [[United States]] and [[Israel]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the [[United States]] are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]]. === No medical indication ===There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for [[circumcision of the newborn]].<ref name="aap1971">{{REFbook |last=American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn |first= |init= |year=1971 |title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971 |scope= |location=Evanston |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |ISBN= |accessdate=2025-03-13 }}</ref> The [[circumcision industry]] promotes [[circumcision of the newborn]] to the public because of the [[financial incentive]] to the doctor and to the maternity hospital.  The form of circumcision adopted by the medical community essentially was equivalent to the Jewish form with ''[[periah]]'', so it inflicts the maximum injury and physical [[trauma]]. In a few cases with older patients, circumcision is legitimately indicated; a patient may be suffering recurring [[infection]], and other methods of treatment have failed. In other cases, a patient may be suffering from a severe case of [[phimosis]]. Overall, the actual medical necessity for circumcision is extremely rare since many conditions respond to conservative treatment. All circumcisions injure the patient by amputating the [[foreskin]] its with many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions]].

It reflects the fascination that emerges from the ability to create new life. In most cultures, fertility is seen as the most precious good, and the body parts involved frequently find themselves in the focus of ritual acts. In many parts of the world, those rites take place when the boy reaches [[puberty]], and are meant to symbolize his transition from boy to man. The removal of the male [[foreskin]] is just one of many phenomena that developed in this context. They range from the removal of the frenulum in boys and men through partial or complete removal of the [[foreskin]] up to radical operations. Australian [[Aborigines]], as mentioned above, have their [[foreskin]]s removed. It is also usual that, a few weeks later, young men have their [[penis]]es sliced open in a [[subincision]], resulting in a partly or completely divided [[urethra]].

Another known, particularly massive, intervention is the stripping of the entire [[skin]] off the [[penis]]. In Indonesia, boys have metal or bamboo balls inserted into their [[penis]] shaft or [[Glans penis|glans]] at the beginning of [[puberty]], which form little "humps".

=== Prophylactic reasons claims are false ===

}}</ref> Post-operative pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.<ref>The use of sweets reduces crying because the infant boy cannot cry and suck at the same time. It does not reduce the [[pain ]] experienced.</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys will be very uncomfortable and fussy when compared with [[intact]] boys and girls.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://thewholetruth.data.blog/2025/06/25/fussy-boys-calm-girls-how-circumcision-distorts-our-view-of-gender-behavior/ |title=Fussy Boys & Calm Girls: How Circumcision Distorts Our View of Gender Behavior |last=Barrett |first= |init=JL |author-link= |publisher=The Whole Truth |date=2025-06-25 |accessdate=2025-06-26}}</ref>

|accessdate=2025-0310-1802

Yang et al. (2025) report a "significant" decline in the incidence of circumcision over a ten-year period and that only a minority of American boys are being [[Intact Americacircumcised]] (2024) argues that public opinion regarding nonin the newborn period. <ref name="yang2025">{{REFjournal |last=Yang |first= |init=P |author-link= |last2=Zhu |first2= |init2=X |author2-link= |last3=Patel |first3= |init3=EU |author3-link= |last4=Quin |first4= |init4=PC |author4-link= |last5=Grabowski |first5= |init5=MK |author5-link= |last6=Tobian |first6= |init6=AAR |author6-link=Aaron Tobian |etal=no |title=Trends in Circumcision Among Newborn Males in the US |trans-title= |language= |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |location= |date=2025-10-02 |season= |volume= |issue= |article=e252464 |page= |pages= |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2838312 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=40952753 |pubmedCID=12439174 |DOI=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2464 |accessdate=2025-09-therapeutic 17}}</ref> Although the incidence of [[circumcisionof the newborn]] has been gradually declining for decades, this is the first study to report an overall incidence of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which less than fifty percent. Based on this new information, we can now report that [[intactintactness]] genitals would be preferred over is now the NORM among the newborn boys of America.  We note that [[circumcisedAustralia]] varietyreported a significant improvement in child health when the incidence of circumcision declined in that nation.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://intactamericawww.orgaihw.gov.au/reports/publicchildren-opinionyouth/australias-children-onin-circumcisionbrief/summary |title=Public Opinion on CircumcisionAustralia’s children: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point?in brief

|publisherauthor-link=Intact America |datepublisher=2024-03-23Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |accessdatepubmedID=2024-04-09}}</ref> It is now likely that America has already passed the "tipping point".  ISBN==Financial and other costs==Infant male circumcision is an extra-cost option after birth. There are no medical indications for it. It is a medically-unnecessary, non978-therapeutic, non1-beneficial irreversible amputation of a functional body part, so medical insurance may or may not pay for it. There are several financial costs associated with infant circumcision. There is a hospital fee, a set76054-up fee, pharmaceutical fees, a separate fee for the medical doctor who performs the amputation, and various possible additional costs for the treatment of complications.<ref name="garrett2023-12659-21">{{REFweb5 |urlDOI=https://intactamerica10.org/economics-of-circumcision25816/ |title=The Economics of Circumcision: A Full Breakdown of This Penis Business |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett |publisher=Intact America5e152818d082c |date=20232019-12-2117 |accessdate=20242025-0509-1517

{{SEEALSO}}* [[Fusions and adhesions]]Bollinger estimated the total cost of * [[circumcisionNeurotomy]] in 2012 for Americans, when all costs are included, to be $3.6 billion annually.<ref>{{LINKS}}* {{REFweb |url=https://www.academiareddit.educom/6442587r/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually |title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |publisher=Academia |website=https:NewBorn/comments/u9c5og/questions_for_baby_boi_do_you_circumcised_your/www.academia.edu |datetitle=2012 |accessdate=2024-06-21 |format= |quote=As the saying goes, follow the money. Now Questions for baby boi do you know why neither the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], American Medical Association, [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], circumcised your baby or the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] haven’t condemned this unnecessary surgery, and why their physician members are quick to recommend the procedure to expectant parents.}}</ref> He has since updated his estimate of total annual cost in 2020 to be $5,685,000,000 or nearly six billion dollars per year.<ref>{{REFbookleave it?

|first= |init= |year=2024 |title=Skin in the Game |url= |scope= |location= |page=28 |publisher=Intact America |ISBN= |quote= |accessdate=2024-08-28 }}</ref> There also are additional non-financial costs, which include sexual and sensory losses that adversely impact on the sexual experience in adult life, and psychological losses such as [[PTSD]], and grieving of losses. ==The advantages and benefits of avoiding circumcision==* Your newborn son will not be cruelly strapped to a [[circumstraint]].* Your newborn son will not suffer the extreme [[pain]] of circumcision.* Your newborn son will not suffer the physical and psychic [[trauma]]* of circumcision.* Your newborn son will not be exposed to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and [[complication]] of non-therapeutic circumcision.* Your newborn son will not have an open wound requiring care and subject to [[infection]] on his [[penis]].* Your newborn son will not suffer the weeks of [[Pain#Post-surgical_pain| post-surgical pain]].* Your newborn son will not have his [[Pain#Injury_to_the_infant_nervous_system| nervous system permanently injured]] by the extreme pain of circumcision.* Your newborn son's [[foreskinned]] [[penis]] will be [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| protected]] and need no special care at home.* Your newborn son will be more able to start [[breastfeeding]] due to the lack of [[trauma]], and enjoy the increased [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding| immunological protection]].* Your newborn son may leave hospital earlier due to avoidance of an expensive, harmful, unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="mansfield1995">{{REFjournal |last=Mansfield |first= |init=CJ |author-link= |last2=Hueston |first2= |init2=WJ |author2-link= |last3=Rudy |first3= |init3=M |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Neonatal circumcision: associated factors and length of hospital stay |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Fam Pract |location= |date=1995-10 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=370-6 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/procedure/mansfield/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=7561711 |pubmedCID= |accessdate=2025-03-14}}</ref>* Your newborn son's [[foreskinned]] penis will fit the style of the twenty-first century.* Your newborn son will not experience in his adult life the major loss of [[Erogenous sensation of the foreskin| erogenous sensation]] that occurs with amputation of the [[foreskin]].* Your newborn son will not experience in his adult life the [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological issues]] that frequently occur in [[circumcised]] men.* Your newborn son will not need to undertake [[foreskin restoration]] in his adult life.{{SEEALSO}}* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[Circumcision bullet-points for parents]]* [[Circumcision instruments]]* [[Circumcision of the newborn]]* [[Circumcision maps]]* [[Circumcision methods]]* [[Circumcision scar]]* [[Circumcision video library]]* [[Circumpendium]]* [[Circumstraint]]* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]* [[FGM]]* [[Foreskin restoration information for circumcised teens]]* [[History of circumcision]]* [[Human rights]]* [[Islamic circumcision]]* [[Lymphoedema]]* [[MGM]]* [[Pain]]* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]* [[Rights situation on circumcision]]* [[Risks and complications]]* [[Ritual circumcision]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)* [[The Accidental Intactivist Manifesto: Exposing the Monster We Agree Not to See – A Lifetime Reckoning]]* [[Trauma]]{{LINKS}} * {{REFweb |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/garcia/ |title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not? |last=Garcia |first=FranciscoREDDIT |date=1995-12-11 |accessdate=2020-09-08}}* {{REFjournal |last=Fleiss |first=Paul |init=P |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |title=The foreskin is necessary |journal=Mothering |date=1997-01 |volume= |issue= |pages=36-45 |url=http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm |accessdate=2020-06-29}}*{{REFweb |url=https://15square.org.uk/losses-from-circumcision/ |title=Losses from Circumcision |last=Ball |first=Peter |publisher=15 Square |date=2003-08-09 |accessdate=2023-02-23}}* {{REFweb |url=http://members.tranquility.net/~rwinkel/MGM/primer.html |title=Male Circumcision in the USA: A Human Rights Primer |last=Winkel |first=Rich |author-link=Rich Winkel |date=2005-05-12 |accessdate=2021-01-27}}* {{REFnews |title=Circumcision circumspection: Weigh the facts before making the call |url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-01-09_chicagotribune.php |last=Peres |first=Judy |init= |author-link= |publisher=Chicago Tribune |website= |date=2007-01-09 |accessdate=2014-07-28 |format= |quote=Ethan, a Chicagoan who asked that his last name not be used, said he and his wife decided not to circumcise their two sons, now ages 5 and 1. "We didn't think it was a good idea to impose an operation on a baby that was not medically necessary," he said.}}* {{REFnews |title=Circumcision losing favor with U.S. parents |url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-06-21_SFChronicle.php |last=Guthmann |first=Edward |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |website= |date=2007-06-21 |accessdate=2024-07-28 |format= |quote=According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the circumcision rate in the United States dropped to 55.9 percent in 2003 — an all-time postwar low.}}* {{REFnews |title=In Last Four Decades, Circumcision Has Lost Popularity in United States |url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-07-08_theledger.php |last=White |first=Garry |author-link= |publisher=Lakeland Ledger |website= |date=2007-07-08 |accessdate=2024-07-28 |quote=Opponents of circumcision say the procedure is doubly harmful, inflicting pain at the time of surgery and reducing sexual pleasure later through the removal of the nerve-rich foreskin.}}* {{REFnews |title=Making the Cut |url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-11-02_time.php |last=Lee-St. John |first=Jeninne |init= |author-link= |publisher=Time Magazine |website= |date=2007-11-02 |accessdate=2024-07-28 |format= |quote=But [[intactivism]] is also gaining traction among educated, middle-class whites. As University of Virginia sociologist Brad Wilcox observes, "It's these new parents that are unwilling to let kids suffer."}}* {{REFnews |title=Parents reconsider routine circumcision |url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-11-30_theenquirer.php |last=Facciolo |first=Christine |init= |author-link= |publisher=Cincinnati Enquirer |date=2007-11-30 |season= |accessdate= |format= |quote=But foes of removing the penis foreskin argue that the procedure provides minimal benefits, causes extreme pain and produces long-term psychological and sexual trauma.}}* {{REFdocument |title=Genital Integrity Policy Statement |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2008_Genital_Integrity_Policy_Statement.pdf |contribution= |last=Hill |first=George |author-link=George Hill |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] |format=PDF |date=2008-06 |accessdate=2024-11-03}}* {{REFjournal |last=Testa |first=Patrick |init= |author-link= |last2=Block |first2=Walter E. |init2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Libertarianism and circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag |location= |date=2014-05-26 |volume=3 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=33-40 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view-paper |pubmedID=24987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51 |accessdate=}} * {{REFweb |url=https://intaction.org/what-is-circumcision/ |title=What is circumcision? |last=Simone |first=Judy |author-link= |publisher=Intaction |website=https://intaction.org/ |date=2020-07-26 |accessdate=2020-10-04 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WS4pmFCoHkq3UloORfSWi4VgnM11m_5-/edit |title=Unwarranted Presumption |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Google |date=2022-12-10 |accessdate=2025-02-20}}* {{REFjournal |last=Deacon |first= |init=M |author-link= |last2=Muir |first2= |init2=G |author2-link= |etal=no |title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? |trans-title= |language= |journal= Int J Impot Res |location= |date=2022-01-08 |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=34997197 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y |accessdate=2023-04-30}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/ |title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to) |last=Garrett |first= |init=CJ |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-11-10 |accessdate=2024-03-22}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/groups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/ |title=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do) |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-01-24 |accessdate=2024-01-27

|url=https://intactamericawww.org/keeping-your-sons-penis-intact/ |title=Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-01-24 |accessdate=2024-01-29}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamericareddit.orgcom/timeline-of-circumcision-sufferingr/ |title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-02-02 |accessdate=2024-02-09}}* {{REFweb |url=https:self/comments/intactamerica.orgljwpfe/circumcision-anger-and-resentmentwhy_i_hate_being_circumcised/ |title=The Circumcision Decision: Unpackaging Anger and ResentmentWhy I hate being circumcised |last=GarnerAnonymous |first=Bryan

|date=2025-04-082020 |accessdate=2025-0411-1301

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