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→Fusion: Add DOI.
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' are both connections that can exist between the [[glans penis]] and the [[skin]] of the [[penis]]. The fusion is normal and healthy, while the adhesion is an abnormal, pathological condition that is usually a complication of [[circumcision]]. The two separate, diverse conditions are frequently confused, both by the public and by health care providers.
==Fusion==
It is well established that boys are born with the inner [[foreskin]] fused with the underlying [[glans penis]] by a common membrane to with which both parts are fused.<ref name="deibart1933">{{REFjournal
|last=Deibart
|init=GA
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090570409
|accessdate=2025-12-03
}}</ref> The membrane, which is called the <i>balanopreputial lamina</i>, is common to both parts, so retraction of the boy's foreskin is prevented by nature. There is good reason for this, since the [[foreskin]] provides protection to the [[penis]] while in the diaper, which usually contains feces, urine, and ammonia. <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Brennemann |init=J |author-link= |url=https://ia800607.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/8/items/crossref-pre-1923-scholarly-works/10.1001%252Farchpedi.1915.04110040066007.zip&file=10.1001%252Farchpedi.1921.01910310043003.pdf |title=The Ulcerated Meatus in the Circumcised Child |journal=Am J Dis Child |date=1921-01 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=38-47 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1921.01910310043003 |format=PDF |accessdate=2025-12-04}}</ref> Boys with a protective foreskin do not develop [[meatal stenosis]].
The fusion of the balanopreputial lamina gradually breaks down over a widely variable period of years, so the foreskin can be retracted. Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) reported the mean age of first foreskin retraction to be 10.4 years.<ref name="thorvaldsen2005">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
Retraction of the foreskin may become possible as early as age five , but may not occur until after [[puberty]].Almost every boy can retract by age sixteen.<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref>
==Adhesion==
Adhesions of the residual [[skin]] to the [[glans penis]] usually occur after the [[circumcision]] of an infant boy. They are a pathological condition. When a young boy is to lose his [[foreskin]] to [[amputation]] by the surgical operation euphemistically known as "circumcision", the first step is to break the normal, healthy fusion described above. The surgeon does this in an incredibly brutal manner that causes extreme [[pain]] by passing a blunt probe under the foreskin to break the normal fusion with the [[glans penis]]. This preliminary step leaves the [[glans penis]] in a raw condition. After the [[foreskin]] is cut away, the residual shaft skin of the [[penis]] is also left with raw ends.
The surgical wound is not commonly closed with sutures after [[circumcision]] of young boys, so the residual shaft skin is left to fall where it may. If the raw end of the shaft [[skin]] is in contact with the raw [[glans penis]], the two are likely to heal together, which creates a pathological adhesion.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Gracely-Kilgore
|first=
|init=KA
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Penile Adhesion: The Hidden Complication of Circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal= Nurse Pract
|location=
|date=1984-05
|volume=9
|issue=5
|pages=22-4
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=6728346
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2025-12-04
}}</ref>
Adhesions take many possible forms. The [[skin bridge]] is a common one.
Unlike fusions, adhesions do not spontaneously dissolve. The services of a pediatric urologist are needed to release the adhesion.
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision term]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Genital cutting]]
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Penile surgery]]